Table 2.
Milk consumption and time to death and fracture in Swedish Mammography Cohort* and Cohort of Swedish Men
| Variables | Categories of daily milk intake | Continuous (per 200 g) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 glass (<200 g/d) | 1-2 glasses (200-399 g/d) | 2-3 glasses (400-599 g/d) | ≥3 glasses (≥600 g/d) | ||
| Swedish Mammography Cohort | |||||
| Total mortality: | |||||
| No of deaths | 5422 | 5830 | 3150 | 1139 | 15541 |
| Person years of follow-up | 476 485 | 444 724 | 229648 | 80961 | 1 231 818 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 10.7 | 12.6 | 15.4 | 17.7 | 12.6 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.30 (1.25 to 1.35) | 1.83 (1.75 to 1.91) | 2.20 (2.06 to 2.35) | 1.18 (1.16 to 1.20) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.21 (1.16 to 1.25) | 1.60 (1.53 to 1.68) | 1.93 (1.80 to 2.06) | 1.15 (1.13 to 1.17) |
| Cardiovascular mortality: | |||||
| No of deaths | 1904 | 1989 | 1030 | 355 | 5278 |
| Person years of follow-up | 476 485 | 444 724 | 229 648 | 80 961 | 1 231 818 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 3.6 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 4.3 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.26 (1.18 to 1.34) | 1.85 (1.71 to 1.99) | 2.19 (1.96 to 2.46) | 1.20 (1.16 to 1.23) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.24) | 1.59 (1.47 to 1.73) | 1.90 (1.69 to 2.14) | 1.15 (1.12 to 1.19) |
| Cancer mortality: | |||||
| No of deaths | 1412 | 1196 | 488 | 187 | 3283 |
| Person years of follow-up | 476 485 | 444 724 | 229 648 | 80 961 | 1 231 818 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.19) | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | 1.55 (1.33 to 1.80) | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.15) | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.29) | 1.44 (1.23 to 1.69) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.11) |
| Any fracture: | |||||
| No of fractures | 7080 | 6317 | 2912 | 943 | 17252 |
| Person years of follow-up | 424 857 | 402 138 | 210 610 | 75 231 | 1 112 837 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 16.0 | 15.4 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 15.5 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.11) | 1.17 (1.12 to 1.22) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.24) | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.03) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.11) | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.21) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.25) | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.04) |
| Hip fracture: | |||||
| No of fractures | 1584 | 1620 | 808 | 247 | 4259 |
| Person years of follow-up | 468 603 | 436 885 | 225 969 | 79 838 | 1 211 295 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 3.1 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.5 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.24 (1.16 to 1.33) | 1.69 (1.55 to 1.85) | 1.76 (1.54 to 2.02) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.15) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.55 (1.41 to 1.69) | 1.60 (1.39 to 1.84) | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) |
| Cohort of Swedish Men | |||||
| Total mortality: | |||||
| No of deaths | 3468 | 2501 | 2347 | 1796 | 10112 |
| Person years of follow-up | 221 381 | 127 248 | 103 049 | 82 415 | 534094 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 18.2 | 18.3 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 18.9 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.19) | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.05) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.05) | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.11) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.17) | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) |
| Cardiovascular mortality: | |||||
| No of deaths | 1468 | 1161 | 1098 | 841 | 4568 |
| Person years of follow-up | 221 381 | 127 248 | 103049 | 82 415 | 534 094 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 7.9 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 8.6 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.23) | 1.21 (1.11 to 1.32) | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.07) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27) | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.07) |
| Cancer mortality: | |||||
| No of deaths | 1077 | 704 | 616 | 484 | 2881 |
| Person years of follow-up | 221 381 | 127 248 | 103 049 | 82 415 | 534 094 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.4 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.14) | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.03) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.07) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.02) |
| Any fracture: | |||||
| No of fractures | 2095 | 1326 | 1095 | 863 | 5379 |
| Person years of follow-up | 211 554 | 121 162 | 98 290 | 78 355 | 509 361 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 10.6 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.12) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.03) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.08) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) |
| Hip fracture: | |||||
| No of fractures | 439 | 309 | 318 | 200 | 1266 |
| Person years of follow-up | 219 925 | 126 241 | 102 126 | 81 755 | 530 047 |
| Rate/1000 person years† | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
| Age adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.10) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.29) | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.15) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.06) |
| Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.11) | 1.13 (0.97 to 1.31) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.20) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) |
HR=hazard ratio.
*Had access to repeat exposure information; exposures and covariates were treated as cumulative averages.
†Age standardised rates, number of cases per 1000 person years at risk.
‡Adjusted for age, body mass index, height, total energy intake, total alcohol intake, healthy dietary pattern, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, ever use of cortisone, educational level, living alone, physical activity level estimated as metabolic equivalents, smoking status, and Charlson’s comorbidity index; and in women additionally for use of oestrogen replacement therapy and nulliparity.