Table 1.
Parameter values for 4 (type of bias) × 2 (correlation between trait and violator) = 8 data generation conditions.
| Unstandardized values of Item 1 parameters | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c | d | σ2(X) | |
| ρ(T,V) = 0.0 | |||||
| No bias | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2.000 |
| Uniform | 1.000 | 0.400 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2.160 |
| Nonuniform | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.400 | 1.000 | 2.160 |
| Both | 1.000 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 1.000 | 2.320 |
| ρ(T,V) = 0.5 | |||||
| No bias | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2.000 |
| Uniform | 1.000 | 0.400 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2.560 |
| Nonuniform | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.400 | 1.000 | 2.200 |
| Both | 1.000 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 1.000 | 2.760 |
u = 0, μ(T) = μ(V) = μ(E) = 0, σ2(T) = σ2(V) = σ2(E) = 1; All values pertain to the parameters of Item 1, which is biased in all conditions with bias; parameters of all other items have a = 1, b = 0, c = 0, and d = 1 in all conditions. See Appendix 1 in Supplementary Material for the computation of σ2(X).