Table 2.
Examples of liposomal veterinary vaccines.
| Type of liposome | Antigenvaccine | Adjuvant or challenge | Animal speciesapplication | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PC/cholesterol | Newcastle disease vaccine | Gypenoside-saponin (GPS)encapsulated in liposomes | Chickens, oral | Enhanced immune response with GPS liposomes; T-cell, B-cell proliferation | Yu et al. [2013] |
| PC/cholesterol, sonicated SUV | Newcastle disease vaccine | Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) encapsulated in liposomes | Chickens | Enhanced immune response with GA liposomes; Higher IgG, IgM antibody titers; T-cell, B-cell proliferation | Zhao et al. [2011] |
| DPPC/cholesterol, MLV | Newcastle disease (La Sota) encapsulated in MLV | Newcastle disease, Sato strain | Chickens, intranasal | High mucosal anti-NDV IgA, high serum IgG; high HA inhibition and survival rate; macrophage activation via ERK 1/2 and NFκB | Lin et al. [2011] |
| DOTAP/cholesterol, catioinic MLV | Newcastle disease (La Sota) encapsulated in MLV | Newcastle virus (Herts 33) | Chickens, oral | Higher antibody titers, 100% survival | Onuigbo et al. [2012] |
| DPPC/cholesterol, DPPS/cholesterol, SA/cholesterol, MLV | Newcastle disease (La Sota) encapsulated in MLV | Newcastle disease, Sato strain | Chickens, intranasal | DPPC/Chol-liposomes 320-fold higher HA inhibition than SA/Chol liposomes; 90% survival with DPPC/Chol vaccine | Tseng et al. [2010] |
| PC/cholesterol/ α-tocopherol SUV | Newcastle disease vaccine | Epimedium polysaccharide propolis flavone (EP), EP liposomes; challenge: NDV F48E9 strain | Chickens, intramuscular | High protection, high T-cell, B-cell proliferation; low mortality | Fan et al. [2012] |
| PC/bovine brain PS/cholesterol, MLV | Nonendotoxic LPS core types R1–R4 | Nonendotoxic LPS core types R1–R4 encaps. in MLV challenge: virulent Escherichia coli strain O78 | Chickens, intramuscular | Increased antibody response and lower lesion scores with MLV | Dissanayake et al. [2010] |
| PC/cholesterol/DDA cationic SUV | Inactivated avian pathogenic E. coli vaccine (APEC) | Inactivated APEC adsorbed to SUV Challenge: APEC (PDI-386 strain O78) | Chickens, eye drops or coarse spraying | Higher mucosal and serum antibodies, reduced bacteria in blood | Yaguchi et al. [2009] |
| Liposome-associated SEF14 | Salmonella enteritidis fimbrial protein, SEF14 | Live S. enteritidis | Chickens, oral | High IgG, IgA in intestinal mucus and serum. Low bacterial and low excretion of S. enteritidis in feces | Pang et al. [2013] |
| DOTAP/DOPE cationic MLV | n.a | Plasmid DNA of microneme Toxoplasma gondii protein, MIC3 adsorbed to MLV | Sheep, intramuscular | High IgG2 and IgG1 serum levels, high anti-MIC3 antibodies | Hiszczynska-Sawicka et al. [2012] |
| DSPC/DOPE/DOTAP cationic SUV | Recombinant foot and mouth disease protein vaccine (IgG FMDV) | Porcine IFNα DNA adsorbed to SUV Challenge: FMDV isolate HKY 2002 | Swine, intramuscular | Strong inflammatory cytokine production and TH1 response, high IFNα, no viremia or lesions | Cheng et al. [2007] |
| DPPC/cholesterol/ Mannotriose DPPE liposomes | M3-NcGRA7 | Dense granule protein 7 of Neospora caninum (M3-NcGRA7 ) encapsulated in liposomes Challenge: tachyzoites of N. caninum | Cattle, subcutaneous | Decreased parasite load | Nishimura et al. [2013] |
| DDA/TDB liposomes (CAF01) | rec. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis proteins | CAF01, rec. M. avium paratuberculosis proteins | Calves of different age, subcutaneous | Age-dependent IFNγ response, humoral response age independent | Thakur et al. [2013] |
DCPC, 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DDA, dimethyl dioctadecylammonium; DOPE, 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine; DOTAP, dioleoyl-3-trimethyl ammonium propane; DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl choline; DPPE, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine; DPPS, 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine; DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MLV, multilamellar vesicle; n.a., not applicable; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; NFκB, nuclear factor κB; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PG, phosphatidyl glycerol; PS, phosphatidylserine; SA, starylamine; SUV, small unilamellar vesicle; TDP, trehalose dibehenate; TH, T helper.