Table 1.
Compounds | Resource/Chinese name | Cell death pathway |
---|---|---|
Artemisinins | Artemisia annua L./qinghao | Apoptosis, necrosis [19–21]. |
| ||
Tanshinone IIA; cryptotanshinone |
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge/Danshen | Tanshinone IIA: apoptosis [22, 23]; autophagy [24]; cryptotanshinone: apoptosis [25] |
| ||
Pseudolaric acid B | Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon/Jinqiansong | Autophagy [26]; apoptosis [27, 28] |
| ||
Ursolic acid |
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb./Baihuasheshecao;
Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton/Nϋzhen; Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl./Pipa |
Autophagy [29, 30]; apoptosis [31–35] |
| ||
Triptolide | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f./Leigongteng | Both apoptosis and autophagy [36]; autophagy [37]; apoptosis [38] |
| ||
Oridonin | Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara/Donglingcao | Autophagy [39, 40]; both autophagy and apoptosis [39, 41, 42]; apoptosis [43, 44] |
| ||
β-Elemene; curcumol |
Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen and C.Ling/Ezhu |
β-Elemene: apoptosis [45–49] Curcumol: apoptosis [50] |
| ||
Rp1, Rg3, Rh2, Rk1, Rg5, etc. | Panax ginseng C.A.Mey./Renshen | Extracts: apoptosis [51–55]; Rg3: apoptosis (via decrease of Pim-3 and pBad; NF-κB inactivation)[56, 57]; Rh2: apoptosis and paraptosis-like cell death [42, 58, 59]; apoptosis [60]; Rp1: paraptosis [61]; apoptosis [62]; KG-135 with etoposide (formula of Rk1, Rg3 and Rg5): apoptosis [63] |
| ||
Polyphyllin D | Paris polyphylla Sm./Chong Lou | Apoptosis [64, 65] |
| ||
Gypenosides | Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino/Jiaogulan | Apoptosis [66] |
| ||
Baicalin; wogonin; oroxylin A; baicalein | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi./Huangqin | Apoptosis [67–75] |
| ||
Hesperidin | Citrus reticulate Blanco./Chenpi | Apoptosis [76–78] |
| ||
Glycyrrhizin; 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L./Gancao | Apoptosis [79–81] |
| ||
Eugenol | Areca catechu L./Binlang | Apoptosis [82] |
| ||
1′S-1′-acetoxyeugenol acetate | Alpinia conchigera Griff./Jiebianshanjiang | Apoptosis (via NF-κB inactivation)[83] |
| ||
Catechins (-(epicatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)), polyphenols | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze/Cha | EGCG: autophagy [42, 58, 59, 84]; apoptosis [74, 75]; anoikis [85]; parthanatos [86]; catechin: apoptosis [87]; polyphenols (GrTP): apoptosis [88–90] |
| ||
Cryptocaryone | Cryptocarya concinna Hance/Tunan | Apoptosis [91] |
| ||
Curcumin | Curcuma longa L./Jianghuang | Apoptosis [92, 93] |
| ||
Emodin | Rheum palmatum L./Dahuang | Apoptosis [45–48, 94]. |
| ||
Aloe emodin |
Rheum palmatum L./Dahuang; Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc./Huzhang |
Apoptosis [95, 96] |
| ||
Silibinin | Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn./Shuifeiji | Apoptosis [97–100]; autophagy [46, 101] |
| ||
Gambogic acid | Garcinia hamburgy Hook. f./Tenghuang | Apoptosis [102–104] |
| ||
Shikonin | Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc./Zicao | Apoptosis [105]; necroptosis [106, 107] |
| ||
Berberine | Coptischinensis Franch/Huanglian | Apoptosis [108, 109]; autophagy [110, 111]; necrosis [112]; anoikis [113] |
| ||
Camptothecin | Camptotheca acuminate Decne./Xishu | Apoptosis [114] |
| ||
Tetrandrine; fangchinoline |
Stephania tetrandra S. Moore/Fangji | Tetrandrine: apoptosis [50, 115]; fangchinoline: autophagy [34] |
| ||
Matrine; oxymatrine |
Sophora flavescens Ait./Kushen | Matrine: apoptosis [116, 117]; autophagy [118–120]; oxymatrine: apoptosis [121] |
| ||
Herbal extracts | Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Siebold & Zucc./Shizhuyu | Apoptosis [122] |
| ||
Pharicin A | Isodon amethystoides (Benth.) H. Hara,/Xiangchacai | Mitotic catastrophe [123] |
| ||
Casticin | Vitex rotundifolia L.f./Manjing | Mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis [124] |
| ||
Selenium-rich amino acids | silkworm pupas/Chanyong | Apoptosis [125] |
| ||
Arsenic trioxide | Pishuang | Necrosis [126]; apoptosis [45–48, 127–130]; autophagy [131] |