Table 4.

Analysis of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy

	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Age (years)
40–49	1		1
50–59	2.24 (1.35 to 3.73)	0.002	1.63 (0.95 to 2.83)	0.075
60–69	2.19 (1.29 to 3.73)	0.004	1.34 (0.75 to 2.39)	0.319
>69	1.45 (0.63 to 3.35)	0.381	0.89 (0.36 to 2.19)	0.797
Gender
Female	1		1
Male	1.66 (1.14 to 2.42)	0.009	1.52 (1.01 to 2.29)	0.045
Duration (years)
<5	1		1
5–10	3.27 (2.02 to 5.30)	<0.0001	2.19 (1.29 to 3.73)	0.004
10–15	5.71 (3.26 to 9.99)	<0.0001	3.91 (2.08 to 7.35)	<0.0001
>15	8.74 (4.19 to 18.24)	<0.0001	6.01 (2.63 to 13.75)	<0.0001
HbA1c
<7.0	1		1
>7.0	3.41 (2.22 to 5.23)	<0.0001	3.37 (2.13 to 5.34)	<0.0001
Insulin status
Non-user of insulin	1		1
User of insulin	7.46 (3.31 to 16.83)	<0.0001	3.59 (1.41 to 9.14)	0.007
Systolic BP
<140	1		1
>140	2.62 (1.71 to 4.03)	<0.0001	2.14 (1.20 to 3.82)	0.010
Diastolic BP
<90	1		1
>90	1.90 (1.27 to 2.85)	0.002	1.36 (0.79 to 2.35)	0.273

BP, blood pressure (mm Hg); HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin (%).