Table 2.

Summary of data reported in selected articles addressing effectiveness of antimicrobial PDT on potentially cariogenic biofilm.

Authors and year of publication	Sample	Photosensitizing agent	Light source	Microorganisms/biofilm	Application protocol	Outcome
Wilson et al., 1995 [19]	Natural dental biofilm; 10 volunteers; prereduced Calgon Ringer's solution	AlPcS2   TB	GaAlAs laser 660 nm (11 mW) HeNe laser 632.8 nm (7.3 mW)	Streptococci	60 s and 180 s	HeNe/TB combination was more effective at reducing viable microorganisms
Wilson et al., 1996 [20]	Synthesized biofilm in 4 days; single species; HA discs	AlPcS2	GaAlAs laser 660 nm	S. sanguinis	0.8 J (4.1 J/cm2)	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Wood et al., 1999 [21]	Natural dental biofilm in 7 days; 8 volunteers; devices were attached to surface of maxillary first or second molars	PPC	Tungsten white bulb 600–700 nm (400 w; 22.5 mW/cm2)	Natural human dental biofilm (species not listed)	30 minutes	Reduction in viable microorganisms
O'Neill et al., 2002 [22]	Biofilm formed from human saliva from 10 volunteers; multispecies biofilms grown on discs prepared from cellulose nitrate membrane filters for 24 h	TB	HeNe laser 632 nm (35 mW)	Streptococci	15 minutes (31.5 J; 81.9 J/cm2)	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Zanin et al., 2005 [16]	Synthesized biofilm in 3, 7, and 10 days; HA discs; single species	TB	HeNe laser 632.8 nm (32 mW) LED 620–660 nm	S. mutans	5 (49 J/cm2), 15 (147 J/cm2) and 30 (294 J/cm2) minutes	LED/TB on biofilm for 3 (147 J/or 294 J/cm2) and 7 days (49 J/cm2 or 294 J/cm2) For 10 days, no difference between HeNe and LED
Wood et al., 2006 [23]	Synthesized biofilms in 48, 120, 168, 216, and 288 hours; steel discs; single species	ER MB Photofrin	Tungsten white light 40 W (ER—22.7 mW/cm2, 500–550 nm; MB and Photofrin—22.5 mW/cm2, 600–650 nm)	S. mutans	15 minutes of irradiation	Reduction in viable microorganisms Greater effectiveness with ER
Zanin et al., 2006 [24]	Synthesized biofilm in 3, 5, and 7 days; single species; bovine enamel discs	TBO	Red LED 620–660 nm (32 mW)	S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis	7 minutes of irradiation 85.7 J/cm−2	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Müller et al., 2007 [25]	Synthesized biofilm in 64.5 h; multispecies; bovine enamel discs	MB	Gasiform ozone and laser 665 nm (75 mW)	S. sobrinus, S. oralis	60 s of irradiation	No reduction in viable microorganisms
Steinberg et al., 2008 [26]	Synthesized biofilm in 24 h; single species; microplates	H2O2	Blue xenon lamp 400–500 nm	S. mutans	30 s of irradiation (34 J/cm2) 60 s (68 J/cm2)	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Lima et al., 2009 [27]	Natural dental biofilm for 7 days; 20 volunteers; palatal devices containing slabs of human dentin	TB	LED 620–660 nm	Streptococci, Lactobacilli	5 minutes of irradiation (47 J/cm−2) and 10 minutes (94 J/cm−2)	Reduction in viable microorganisms with LED/TB and LED (94 J/cm−2) alone
Schneider et al., 2012 [14]	Biofilm from saliva from 4 volunteers and growth in 4 hours Glass surface Single species	Phenothiazine chloride	Diode laser 660 nm (100 mW)	S. mutans	2 minutes of irradiation	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Chen et al., 2012 [28]	Synthesized biofilm in 24 hours Single species Stainless steel discs	Nanoparticles of ER + CS	Green LED 540 ± 5 nm (22m W/cm2)	S. mutans	ER/CS nanoparticles for 12 h followed by dose of 50 J cm2	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Silva et al., 2012 [29]	Synthesized biofilm in 24 hours Single species Bovine dentin discs	Photogem hematoporphyrin derivative	Biotable LED 610–650 nm	S. mutans	25 minutes of irradiation (75 Jcm−2) and 50 minutes of irradiation (150 Jcm−2)	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Teixeira et al., 2012 [30]	Natural dental biofilm in 7 days Acrylic palatal device with human enamel slabs 21 volunteers	TB	Red LED 620–660 nm	S. mutans	15 minutes of irradiation (55 J cm−2)	No reduction in viable microorganisms
Pereira et al., 2013 [31]	Synthesized biofilm in 48 hours Single species Acrylic resin discs	ER and RB	Blue LED 455 ± 20 nm (200 mW)	S. mutans, S. sanguinis	95 Jcm−² (36 J and for 180 s)	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Al-Ahmad et al., 2013 [32]	Culture of microorganisms from the saliva of a volunteer of 45 years old	TB	Broadband VIS + wIRA radiator with a water-filtered (580–1400 nm)	Salivary bacteria (species not listed)	220 mW cm−2  For 1 min	Reduction in viable microorganisms
Araújo et al., 2014 [33]	Synthesized biofilm in 7 days Single species Polystyrene 96-well plates	Curcumin	Blue LED 450 nm	S. mutans, L. acidophilus	5 minutes 5, 7 J/cm2 (19 mW/cm2)	Reduction in viable microorganisms

AlPcS₂: aluminum disulfonate phthalocyanine; GaAlAs: gallium-aluminum-arsenide; HA: hydroxyapatite; HeNe: helium/neon; LED: light emitting diode; PPC: pyridinium Zn(II) phthalocyanine; TB: toluidine blue; ER: erythrosine; TB: toluidine blue; MB: methylene blue; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; CS: chitosan; ER: erythrosine; TBO: toluidine blue; RB: rose bengal; VIS + wIRA: visible light together with water-filtered infrared-A.