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Effect of grains of paradise extract (A) and [6]-shogaol (B) on IL1β gene expression in LPS-activated RAW macrophages measured by the mRNA quantity relative to the response to LPS activation only (positive control) that is normalized to a value of 1.00. Lower values represent greater inhibitory effects with 0.00 corresponding to a complete inhibition of the induced gene expression. Values are the mean ± SD. (∗) p < 0.05 (compared with positive control).
