Table 2.

Summary of positive predictive value and odds ratio of cruelty to animals as a marker for child physical maltreatment by age, persistence of cruelty, and socioeconomic disadvantage.

Age	Socioeconomic disadvantage group	N (%) child cruelty to animals (Marker)	N (%) child physical maltreatment (Cases)	Positive predictive value	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Any	All	204(9.1%)	472(21.1%)	.44	3.32 (2.36-4.68)
	Disadvantaged	100(l1.3%)	273(30.8%)	.54	3.04 (1.90-4.87)
	Non-disadvantaged	104(7.7%)	199(14.8%)	.34	3.33 (1.98-5.61)
5	All	131(5.9%)	470(21.1%)	.42	2.93 (1.94-4.44)
	Disadvantaged	66(7.5%)	271(30.7%)	.55	2.98 (1.65-5.38)
	Non-disadvantaged	65(4.8%)	199(14.8%)	.29	2.52 (1.38-4.61)
7	All	78(3.6%)	465(21.3%)	.47	3.53 (2.07-6.02)
	Disadvantaged	36(4.2%)	271(31.3%)	.61	3.67 (1.68-8.00)
	Non-disadvantaged	42(3.2%)	194(14.8%)	.36	3.39 (1.52-7.54)
10	All	32(1.5%)	460(21.5%)	.50	3.74 (1.75-7.99)
	Disadvantaged	17(2.0%)	270(31.9%)	.59	3.13 (1.05-9.27)
	Non-disadvantaged	15(1.2%)	190(14.7%)	.40	3.96 (1.27-12.32)
12	All	34(1.6%)	460(21.5%)	.56	4.79 (2.23-10.26)
	Disadvantaged	23(2.7%)	267(31.2%)	.61	3.57 (1.41-9.08)
	Non-disadvantaged	11(0.9%)	193(15.0%)	.45	4.81 (1.15-20.15)
Persistent	All	57(2.6%)	472(21.1%)	.54	4.69 (2.48-8.88)
	Disadvantaged	34(3.8%)	273(30.8%)	.62	3.85 (1.64-9.01)
	Non-disadvantaged	23(1.7%)	199(14.8%)	.43	4.62 (1.71-12.47)

Note: Persistent cruelty was defined as reports at two or more time points.