Table 1.
Results of systematic review of literature of aerobic exercise on outcomes of interest by group
| Author, Year | Sample size | Participant characteristics Age: (yrs) BMI (kg/m2) Mean (SD) | Intervention | Outcome measure | Pre-intervention Mean (SD) or (95% confidence interval) | Post-intervention Mean (SD) or (95% confidence interval) | Pre-from post-intervention (Mean change) | Source of blood, Assay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast Cancer Survivors | ||||||||
| Fairey, 2005 | n=53 | Age: | 15 wks, 3 x/wk (supervised), 70-75% VO2max, 15 min for wk 1-3, increased by 5 min every 3 wk and 35 min for wk 13-15 | NK cell cytotoxic activity | Ex: 55.5 (12.1) | Ex: 61.4 (9.8) | Ex: 5.9** | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ELISA |
| Ex: 59 (5) | Con: 58.0 (12.9) | Con: 56.4 (10.5) | Con: -1.6 | |||||
| Con: 58 (6) | Spontaneous ([3H]-thymidine dpm × 106 cells) | Ex: 863 (425) | Ex: 1.042 (290) | Ex: 179** | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 776 (417) | Con: 811 (247) | Con: 35 | |||||
| Ex: 29.4 (7.4) | CRP (mg/L) | Ex: 5.19 (3.56) | Ex: 3.79 (2.30) | Ex: -1.4 | ||||
| Con: 29. (6.1) | Con: 4.28 (3.05) | Con: 4.39 (3.87) | Con: 0.11 | |||||
| Payne, 2008 | n=20 | Age: | 14 wks, 4 x/wk, moderate walking activity 20 min/session | IL-6 Range: 2-29 (ng/ml) | Serum IL-6, NR | |||
| All: 64.7 (6.3) | ||||||||
| BMI: NR | ||||||||
| Nieman, 1994 | n=12 | Age: | 8 wks, 3 x /wk (supervised) 75% HRmax, 60 min/session | NK cells- (109/1) | Ex: 0.3 (0.1) | Ex: 0.3 (0.1) | Ex: 0 | Whole blood, chromium release assay for all measures |
| Ex: 60.8 (4.0) | Con: 0.2 (0.1) | Con: 0.2 (0.1) | Con: 0 | |||||
| Con: 51.2 (4.7) | Lymphocyte (109/1) | Ex: 1.4 (0.2) | Ex: 1.1 (0.2) | Ex: -0.3 | ||||
| Weight: (Kg) | Con: 1.4 (0.2) | Con: 1.6 (0.3) | Con: 0.2 | |||||
| Ex: 67.6 (3.7) | Neutrophil (109/1) | Ex: 3.7 (0.3) | Ex: 3.0 (0.4) | Ex: -0.7 | ||||
| Con: 75.5 (9.8) | Con: 3.8 (0.7) | Con: 3.9 (0.8) | Con: 0.1 | |||||
| Total leukocytes (109/1) | Ex: 5.7 (0.3) | Ex: 4.9 (0.4) | Ex: -0.8 | |||||
| Con: 5.9 (0.9) | Con: 6.1 (0.9) | Con: 0.2 | ||||||
| Sprod, 2012 | n=21 | Age: | 12 wks, 3 times/wk (supervised), Intensity>NA, 60 min/session | IL-6 (pg/mL) | Ex: 2.63 (1.32) | Ex: 4.63 (2.32) | Ex: 2 | Serum, ELISA |
| TCC: 54.3 (3.6) | Con: 2.44 (0.56) | Con: 2.42 (0.55) | Con: -0.01 | |||||
| SST: 52.7 (2.1) | IL-8 (pg/mL) | Ex: 9.37 (1.80) | Ex: 9.69 (2.05) | Ex: 0.32 | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 11.06 (2.57) | Con: 7.24 (1.93) | Con: -3.82 | |||||
| Ex: 24.9 (1.9) | ||||||||
| Con: 25.0 (1.4) | ||||||||
| Jones, 2012 | n=115 | Age: | 24 wks, 5 days/wk, 3 days/wk (supervised), 2 days/wk (home-based), 60-75% HR max, at least 45 min by eight wk of trial. | IL-6 (pg/mL) | Ex: 3.55 (6.29) | Ex: 3.59 (6.03) | Ex: 0.04 | Serum, ELISA |
| Ex: 60.5 (7.0) | Con: 1.91 (1.01) | Con: 1.91 (1.19) | Con: 0 | |||||
| Con: 60.9 (6.8) | CRP (mg/L) | Ex: 2.47 (2.35) | Ex: 2.39 (2.26) | Ex: -0.08 | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 2.43 (2.55) | Con: 2.23 (2.60) | Con: -0.2 | |||||
| Ex: 30.2 (4.0) | TNF-α (pg/mL) | Ex: 1.15 (0.52) | Ex: 1.17 (0.40) | Ex: 0.02 | ||||
| Con: 30.4 (3.8) | Con: 1.28 (0.60) | Con: 1.35 (0.63) | Con: 0.08 | |||||
| Ergun, 2013 | n=40 | Age: | 12 wks, 3 days/wk, 45 min/day and brisk walking for 30 min/day | IL-6 | Ex: 3.30 (2.18) | Ex: 2.89 (1.89) | Ex: 0.7 | Serum and whole blood, ELISA |
| Ex: 49.7 (8.3) | Con: 2.23 (1.84) | Con: 2.18 (1.92) | Con: -0.05 | |||||
| Con: 50.3 (10.4) | IL-8 | Ex: 10.37 (3.60) | Ex: 7.76 (3.10) | Ex: -2.61* | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 9.99 (3.70) | Con: 8.68 (3.33) | Con: -1.31 | |||||
| Ex: 26.6 (4.4) | TNF-α | Ex: 11.12 (3.25) | Ex: 11.85 (4.13) | Ex: 0.73 | ||||
| Con: 28.6 (5.1) | Con: 11.99 (5.74) | Con: 12.98 (5.11) | Con: 0.99 | |||||
| RANTES | Ex: 169.30 (27.14) | Ex: 161.47 (30.77) | Ex: -7.89 | |||||
| Con: 167.36 (25.89) | Con: 169.05 (25.64) | Con: 1.69 | ||||||
| MCP-1 | Ex: 20.05 (6.05) | Ex: 20.64 (8.75) | Ex: 0.59 | |||||
| Con: 19.60 (6.79) | Con: 22.98 (10.15) | Con: 3.38* | ||||||
| Premenopausal women | ||||||||
| Arikawa, 2011 | n=319 | Age: | 16 wks, 5 days/wk (supervised), 65%-70>85% HRmax, 45 min/session | CRP (mg.L-1) | Ex (162): 5.02 (4.17-6.03) | Ex: 4.32 (3.60-5.19) | Ex: -0.7** | Plasma, Multiplex Bead based Assay |
| Ex: 25.2 (3.4) | Con (149): 3.94 (3.25-4.78) | Con: 3.90 (3.22-4.73) | Con: -0.04 | |||||
| Con: 25.2 (3.5) | SAA (mg.L-1) | Ex: 4.60 (3.83-5.53) | Ex: 4.04 (3.42-4.78) | Ex: -0.56 | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 3.56 (2.94-4.32) | Con: 3.72 (3.12-4.44) | Con: 0.16 | |||||
| <25: 101 (66%) | ||||||||
| 25-30: 30 (19.6%) | ||||||||
| >30: 22 (14.4%) | ||||||||
| Horne, 1997 | n=9 | Age: | 12 wks, 3 times/wk (supervised), 90% of VO2max, 30-42 min/session | TNFα (pg/ml) | Ex: 5.6 (3.7) | Ex: 17.6 (6.4) | Ex: 12** | Whole blood, ELISA |
| All: 22.3 (3.3) | Con: NR | Con: 11.2 (15.9) | Con: NA | |||||
| Weight: 73.4 (11.6) Kg | ||||||||
| Jimenez, 2007 | n=8 | Age: | One session of acute exercise, 65% VO2max, 2 hours | Leukocyte (103.mL-1) | Ex: 0 | Ex: -1.6 (1.1) | Ex: -1.6** | Whole blood, Assay (leukocytes) and culture supernatant (cytokines) |
| All: 22.3 (3.3) | Con: 4.4 (0.4) SEM | Con: 5.1 (0.5) | Con: 0.7 | |||||
| Weight: 73.4 (11.6) Kg | Lymphocyte (103.mL-1) | Ex: 1.8 (0.2) SEM | Ex: 1.7 (0.1) | Ex: 0.1** | ||||
| Con: 1.5 (0.2) | Con: 1.7 (0.1) | Con: 0.2 | ||||||
| LPS-stimulated ΔTNF-α (%) | Ex: 0 | Ex: -38 (6)% SEM | Ex: -38** | |||||
| Con: 0 | Con: 10 | Con: 10 | ||||||
| Monocyte (103.mL-1) | Ex: 0.39 (0.04) SEM | Ex: 0.58 (0.05) | Ex: 0.19** | |||||
| Con: 0.36 (0.03) SEM | Con: 0.35 (0.03) | Con: 0.01 | ||||||
| LPS-stimulated ΔIL-10 (%) | Ex: 0 | Ex: 79 (19) SEM | Ex: 79 | |||||
| Con: 0 | Con: 0 | Con: 0 | ||||||
| Nehlsen-Cannarella, 1990 | n=36 | Age: | 15 wk, 5 days/wk (supervised), 60% HR reserve, 45 min/session | Total Leukocyte (109.I-1) | Ex: 6.03 (0.23) (SE) | Ex: 6.38 (0.31) | Ex: 0.35 | Whole blood, lymphocyte subsets |
| Ex: 36 (1.6) | Con: 5.96 (0.39) | Con: 6.79 (0.33) | Con: 0.83 | |||||
| Con: 32.8 (1.4) | Lymphocyte (109.I-1) | Ex: 2.40 (0.17) (SE) | Ex: 2.24 (0.16) | Ex: -0.16** | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 2.17 (0.12) | Con: 2.35 (0.13) | Con: 0.18 | |||||
| Ex: 28.3 (0.7) | T cells (CD5) (109.I-1) | Ex: 1.87 (0.14) (SE) | Ex: 1.71 (0.12) | Ex: -0.16** | ||||
| Con: 27.8 (0.8) | Con: 1.73 (0.1) | Con: 1.84 (0.1) | Con: 0.11 | |||||
| B cells (CD20) (109.I-1) | Ex: 0.274 (0.03) (SE) | Ex: 0.286 (0.041) | Ex: 0.012** | |||||
| Con: 0.157 (0.02) | Con: 0.306 (0.025) | Con: 0.149 | ||||||
| T helper cells (CD4) (109.I-1) | Ex: 1.22 (0.1) (SE) | Ex: 1.10 (0.07) | Ex: -0.12 | |||||
| Con: 1.09 (0.08) | Con: 1.13 (0.06) | Con: 0.4 | ||||||
| T cytotoxic (CD8) (109.I-1) | Ex: 0.684 (0.053) (SE) | Ex: 0.614 (0.047) | Ex: 0.561 | |||||
| Con: 0.698 (0.050) | Con: 0.712 (0.067) | Con: 0.067 | ||||||
| Postmenopausal women | ||||||||
| Campbell, K.L. 2008 | n=100 | Age: | 12 months, 6 d/wk, at least 3 days/wk (supervised) and home-based sessions 60-85% of HRmax, 60 min/day | CRP (mg/L) | Ex: 2.08 (1.48-2.91) | Ex: 1.87 (1.35-2.59) | Ex: -0.21 | Plasma, Latex-enhanced nephelometry by high-sensitivity assays |
| Ex: 54.4 (7.1) | Con: 2.16 (1.57-2.97) | Con: 2.16 (1.57-2.98) | Con: 0 | |||||
| Con: 53.7 (5.6) | ||||||||
| BMI: | ||||||||
| Ex: 28.9 (5.5) | ||||||||
| Con: 28.5 (4.8) | ||||||||
| Friedenreich, 2012 | n=320 | Age: | 12 months, 3 days/wk (supervised), 2 days/wk (home-based), 70%-80% heart rate reserve, 45 min/session | CRP (mg/L) | Ex: 1.4 (1.2-1.6) | Ex: 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | Ex: -0.3** | Serum, ELISA (IL-6), Solid-phase chemiluminescent immunometric assay (TNF-α) |
| Ex: 61.2 (5.4) | Con: 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | Con: 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | Con: 0 | |||||
| Con: 60.6 (5.7) | IL-6 (pg/mL) | Ex: 1.5 (1.4-1.6) | Ex: 1.4 (1.3-1.5) | Ex: -0.1 | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 1.4 (1.4-1.5) | Con: 1.4 (1.3-1.4) | Con: 0 | |||||
| Ex: 61.2 (5.4) | TNFα (pg/mL) | Ex: 1.5 (1.4-1.6) | Ex: 1.4 (1.3-1.5) | Ex: -0.1 | ||||
| Con: 60.6 (5.7) | Con: 1.4 (1.4-1.5) | Con: 1.4 (1.3-1.4) | Con: 0 | |||||
| Lee, 2012 | n=22 | Age: | 14 wks, LI and HI: 3 x/wk (wk 1-4), 4 x/wk (5-9 wk), 5 x/wk (10-14) (supervised) 50-70% max O2 consumption, Duration of each exercise at the predetermined exercise intensity was calculated based on body weight | IL-6 (pg·mL–1) | Con: 0.73 (0.81) | Con: 0.95 (0.60) | Con: 22 | Serum, ELISA |
| Con: 38.3 (4.9) | LI: 0.70 (0.49) | LI: 0.72 (0.62) | LI: 0.2 | |||||
| LI: 41.6 (4.5) | HI: 0.86 (1.03) | HI: 0.71 (0.69) | HI: -0.15 | |||||
| HI: 41.7 (4.3) | CRP (mg·dL–1) | Con: 0.10 (0.06) | Con: 0.06 (0.03) | Con: -0.04 | ||||
| BMI: | LI: 0.12 (0.15) | LI: 0.10 (0.10) | LI: -0.02 | |||||
| Con: 27.3 (2.7) | HI: 0.16 (0.14) | HI: 0.06 (0.03) | HI: -0.1 | |||||
| LI: 27.4 (2.7) | TNFα (pg·mL–1) | Con: 1.32 (0.20) | Con: 2.05 (0.90) | Con: 0.73 | ||||
| HI: 25.4 (2.7) | LI: 1.32 (0.32) | LI: 1.79 (0.58) | LI: 0.47 | |||||
| HI: 1.30 (0.35) | HI: 2.04 (0.85) | HI: 0.74 | ||||||
| Campbell, P.T, 2008 | n=115 | Age: | 48 wks, 5 days/wk, 3 days/wk (supervised), 2 days/wk (home-based), 60-75% HRmax, at least 45 min by eight wk of trial. | CRP (mg·L–1) | Ex: 2.39 (1.85-3.10) | Ex: 2.15 (1.66-2.78) | Ex: -0.24** | Serum, ELISA |
| Ex: 60.5 (7.0) | Con: 2.36 (1.88-2.97) | Con: 2.65 (2.09-3.36) | Con: 0.2 | |||||
| Con: 60.9 (6.8) | SAA (mg·L–1) | Ex: 4.87 (4.04-5.87) | Ex: 4.57 (3.81-5.48) | Ex: -0.3 | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 5.11 (4.43-5.90) | Con: 5.29 (4.55-6.16) | Con: 0.18 | |||||
| Ex: 30.2 (4.0) | IL-6 (mg·L–1) | Ex: 2.36 (1.82-3.05) | Ex: 2.66 (2.02-3.52) | Ex: 0.3 | ||||
| Con: 30.4 (3.8) | Con: 2.26 (1.80-2.83) | Con: 2.36 (1.88-2.96) | Con: 0.1 | |||||
| Imayama, 2012 | n=204^ | Age: | 48 wks, 5 days/wk, 3 days/wk (supervised), 2 days/wk (home-based), 70-85% HRmax, at least 45 min by seventh wk of trial. | Hs-CRP (mg/L) | Ex: 2.48 (2.00-3.06) | Ex: 2.46 (2.23-2.72) | Ex: -0.02 | Serum, ELISA |
| Ex: 58.1 (5.0) | Con: 1.90 (1.50-2.40) | Con: 2.06 (1.84-2.30) | Con: 0.16 | |||||
| Con: 57.4 (4.4) | SAA, (mg/L) | Ex: 5.17 (4.47-5.99) | Ex: 5.86 (5.43-6.31) | Ex: 0.69 | ||||
| BMI: | Con: 5.20 (4.42-6.11) | Con: 5.21 (4.79-5.66) | Con: 0.01 | |||||
| Ex: 30.7 (3.7) | IL-6, (pg/mL) | Ex: 1.47 (1.30-1.66) | Ex: 1.57 (1.48-1.65) | Ex: 0.1 | ||||
| Con: 30.7 (3.9) | Con: 1.43 (1.25-1.64) | Con: 1.60 (1.50-1.69) | Con: 0.17 | |||||
| Leukocytes (× 109/L) | Ex: 5.54 (5.26-5.83) | Ex: 5.47 (5.34-5.60) | Ex: -0.07 | |||||
| Con: 5.39 (5.10-5.71) | Con: 5.36 (5.12-5.50) | Con: -0.03 | ||||||
^
a 4-arm RCT (n=438) but we have not reported the results of the dietary weight loss arm (n=118) or the combined dietary weight loss and exercise arm (n=116).
*
Statistically significant in the specified group compared to its baseline.
**
Statistically significant in the exercise group compared to control.
Abbreviations: Ex, Exercise intervention arm; Con, Control arm; RANTES, Regulated upon Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and presumably Secreted; MCP, Monocyte chemotactic protein; HI, High intensity; LI, Low intensity; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NR, Not reported.