Table 1.
Experimental studies which measured DEHP exposure in humans via blood or urine samples.
| Notes | DEHP [μg/mL] | DEHP [mg/kg] | MEHP [μg/mL] | MEHP [mg/kg] | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood samples | ||||||
| Adult | Pregnancy | 0.17 – 6.74 (range) | Li, et al. 2013 | |||
| 1.15 ± 0.81 | 0.68 ± 0.85 | Latini, et al. 2003a | ||||
| 0.3 – 1.3 (range) | 1.2 – 3.5 (range) | Zhang, et al. 2009 | ||||
| Coronary bypass | 15.4 – 72.9 mg/day | 2.2 – 8 | Barry, et al. 1989 | |||
| Heart transplantation | 2.3 – 167.9 mg/day | 0.25 – 18.8 | Barry, et al. 1989 | |||
| Hemodialysis | 0.3 – 7.6 (range) | 10.2 – 154.3 mg/day | Patient blood: 0.9 – 2.83 (range) | Pollack, et al. 1985 | ||
| 2–3 (range) | 19 – 84.9 mg/day 0.02 – 0.36 mg/kg/day |
Faouzi, et al. 1999 | ||||
| 0.885 – 2.83 (range) | Pollack, et al. 1985 | |||||
| Blood storage | Plasma fraction: 36.8 – 84.9 (range) | 1.7 – 4.2 (range) | 3.03 – 15.64 (range) | 0.2 – 0.7 (range) | Sjoberg, et al. 1985a | |
|
Plasma fraction: 172.3 – 295.2 (range) 21 – 42 day storage Whole blood: 72.5 – 152.5 (range) 21 – 42 days |
Whole blood: 1.1 – 18.7 (range) 21 – 42 days |
Peck, et al. 1979 | ||||
|
Plasma fraction: 145 ± 2.9 (SD) 106 – 209 (range, 24 days) |
Marcel, et al. 1973 | |||||
| Infant | Cord blood | 2.05 ± 1.47 0 – 4.71 (range) |
0.68 ± 1.03 0 – 2.94 (range) |
Latini, et al. 2003a | ||
| 1.19 ± 1.15 0 – 4.71 (range) |
0.52 ± 0.61 0.39 – 0.66 (range) |
Latini, et al. 2003b | ||||
| 0.01 – 4.92 (range) | Li, et al. 2013 PLoS | |||||
| 187.16 μg/L (mean) 841.16 μg/L (95%) |
Huang, et al. 2014 PLos | |||||
| 0.1 – 1 (range) | 0.9 – 3.4 (range) | Zhang, et al. 2009 | ||||
| RBC exchange transfusion |
Blood bag: 54.6 (mean) 36.82 – 84.92 (range) Patient plasma: 2.3 – 19.9 (range) |
Calculated exposure: 1.7 – 4.2 (range) |
Blood bag: 3.03 – 15.64 (range) Patient plasma: 1.1 – 15.6 (range) |
Calculated exposure: 0.2 – 0.7 (range) | Sjoberg, et al. 1985b | |
| Patient plasma: 5.8 – 19.6 (range) | Amount transfused: 0.8 – 3.3 (range) | Patient plasma: 5 (maximum) | Calculated exposure: 0.05 – 0.2 (range) | Sjoberg, et al. 1985a | ||
|
Blood bag: 44.8 (mean) 4.3 – 123.1 (range) Patient serum: 6.1 – 21.6 (range) |
Calculated exposure: 1.2 – 22.6 (range) | Plonait, et al. 1993 | ||||
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
ECMO circuit: 19.1 ± 7.5 10.13 – 30.83 (range) Patient plasma: 0 – 24.18 (range) |
Calculated exposure: 10.5 – 34.9 (range) 3 – 10 days |
Karle, et al. 1997 | |||
| 26.8 (14 days) 33.5 (24 days) |
Calculated exposure: 42 – 140 (range) 3 – 10 days DEHP in heart tissue: 1 μg/g |
Shneider, et al. 1989 | ||||
| Plateletpheresis |
Plateletpheresis concentrate: 5.7 – 23.7 (range) Patient serum: 0.142 – 1.236 (range) |
Exposure: 1.6 – 8.8 mg/patient | Buchta, et al. 2005 | |||
| Urine samples | ||||||
| Adult | General population | 16.5 ± 30.1 ng/mL (SD) 1 – 143.9 ng/mL (range) |
Hoppin, et al. 2002 | |||
| 13.8 ng/mL (> 20 years) | Silva, et al. 2004 | |||||
| Pregnancy |
Sum of metabolites: 311 nmol/L (mean, 16 weeks) 245 nmol/L (mean, 26 weeks) |
4.9 ng/mL (mean, 16 weeks) 4.2 ng/mL (mean, 26 weeks) |
Yolton, et al. 2011 | |||
| 4.1 – 5.7 mg/mL (range) | Whyatt, et al. 2009 | |||||
|
Sum of metabolite): 35.6 ng/mL (male) 42.5 ng/mL (female) |
5.2 ng/mL (male) 8.7 ng/mL (female) |
Swan, et al. 2010 | ||||
| Children | General population | 4.6 ± 6.4 ng/mL (mean ±SD) 1.2 – 47.3 ng/mL (range) (12 – 18 months) |
Brock, et al. 2002 | |||
| 4.9 μg/L (6 – 11 years) 8.1 μg/L (12 – 19 years) |
Silva, et al. 2004 | |||||
| 11.3 (mean) 0.6 – 272.7 (range) (6 – 10 years) |
Teitenbaum, et al. 2011 | |||||
| 0.34 μM (Median) (8 – 19 years) |
Trasande, et al. 2013 | |||||
| Infant | NICU patient | Sum of metabolites: 0.16 – 20.766 (range) | Calculated exposure: 26.4 mg/kg/day | 0.049 – 1.273 (range) | Su, et al. 2012 | |
| 86 mg/mL (median) | Green, et al. 2005 | |||||
| 205 ng/mL (mean) 704 ng/mL (95%) |
Calafat, et al. 2004 | |||||
| Calculated exposure, high DEHP-product use: 233 – 352 μg/kg bw/day |
Low DEHP-product use: 4 (median), 18 ng/mL (75th%) High DEHP-product use: 86 (median), 171 ng/mL (75th%) |
Weuve, et al. 2006 | ||||