. 2014 Sep 10;53(11):961–973. doi: 10.1007/s40262-014-0177-7

Table 1.

Overview of drugs for which TDM using the DBS method has been reported in the literature 2009–2014

Drug	LLOQ-ULOQ	Paper	Analytical technique	Patient	Hct influence	Correction for Hct	Additional DBS validation	Short-term stability	Long-term stability	Clinical validation	References
ACE inhibitor
Ramipril	0.5–100 µg/L	903	LC-TOF-MS	Direct	n.d.	–	BV	n.d.	12 weeks at RT	Limited	[10]
Analgetic
Acetaminophen	27.4–20,000 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Direct	n.d.	–	n.d.	24 h at RT	1 month at −80 °C	Yes	[73]
Acetaminophen	50–5,000 µg/L	Ahl226, DMPK-A, DMPK-B, Agilent DMS	LC-MS/MS	Direct	n.d.	–	BV	Yes	n.d.	Yes	[47]
Acetaminophen glucuronide
Acetaminophen sulfate
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Losartan	1–200 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	BV	30 days at 4 °C	n.d.	No	[74]
Losartan carboxylic acid	5–1,000 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	BV	30 days at 4 °C	n.d.	No	[74]
Antibiotic
Ertapenem	0.5–100 mg/L	903	UPLC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Unclear, not clearly described	No results provided	1 month at –20 °C	n.d.	No	[14]
Linezolid	1–100 mg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Direct	Yes	100/(100 Hct)	n.d.	30 days at 37 °C	n.d.	Yes	[75]
Metronidazole	1–50 mg/L	903	HPLC-DAD	Direct	n.d.	–	n.d.	28 days at RT	n.d.	No	[68]
Moxifloxacin	0.05–60 mg/L	31ETCHR, 903, W3	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Vstd/(Vstd + b(HCT – 35 ))	BV	4 weeks at RT	n.d.	Yes	[15]
						Vstd = 19.98		2 weeks at 50 °C and high humidity
						B = 0.1398
Rifaximin	0.1–10 µg/L	No type	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	n.d.	–	n.d.	30 days at RT	n.d.	No	[76]
Anticonvulsant
Phenobarbital	2–50 mg/L	903	HPLC-DAD	Volumetric	No	–	BV	3 days at 40 °C	6 weeks at RT	n.d.	[1]
Carbamazepine	1–20 mg/L
Carba-epoxide	0.5–10 mg/L
Levetiracetam	2–50 mg/L
Lamotrigine	1–20 mg/L
Topiramate	10–2,000 µg/L	DMPK-C	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	No	–	BV	n.d.	194 days at RT stable	No	[2]
Rufinamide	0.48–47.60 mg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Direct	Yes	100/(100 Hct)	n.d.	30 days at RT	n.d.	Yes	[77]
Phenobarbital	1–100 mg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	100/(100 Hct)	n.d.	1 month at RT	n.d.	Yes	[78]
Antidepressant
Venlafaxine	20–1,000 µg/L	DMPK-C	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	No	–	BV PL	n.d.	n.d.	Limited (1)	[12]
DM-venlafaxine	20–1,000 µg/L	DMPK-C	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	No	–	BV PL	n.d.	n.d.	Limited (1)	[12]
Fluoxetine	1–500 µg/L	903	GC-NICI-MS/MS	Volumetric	n.d.	–	n.d.	30 days at 40 °C	n.d.	No	[79]
Norfluoxetine	1–500 µg/L
Reboxetine	20–500 µg/L
Paroxetine	20–500 µg/L
Antimalarial
Mefloquine	5–2,000 nM	903	LC-MS/MS	Direct	n.d.	–	n.d.	Stable for 4 h at RT	n.d.	No	[50]
Mefloquine carboxy	13–2,600 nM	903	LC-MS/MS	Direct	n.d.	–	n.d.	Stable for 4 h at RT	n.d.	No	[50]
Antimycotic
Voriconazole	0.1–10 mg/L	DMPK-C	LC-MS/MS	Direct	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	BV	12 days a 80 °C	n.d.	Yes	[80]
Fluconazole	0.5–100 mg/L
Posaconazol	0.1–10 mg/L
Posaconazol	5–5,000 µg/L	Ahl-226;	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	No (0.25–0.41)	BV, PL	13 days at RT	n.d.	n.d.	[48]
Posaconazol	5–5,000 µg/L	DMPK-C	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	No (0.25–0.41)	BV, PL	13 days at RT	n.d.	n.d.	[48]
Antiretroviral
Efavirenz	0.31–20 mg/L	903	HPLC-DAD	Volumetric	No	–	n.d.	1 month at 45 °C	1 year at −20 °C	Yes	[7]
Ribavarine	0.05–10.0 mg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	BV PL	n.d.	> 2 months	Limited (1)	[81]
Tenofovir	2.5–1,000 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	SH BV	Not in DBS	18 months at RT	Yes	[9]
Emtricitabine	2.5–5,000 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	SH BV	Not in DBS	11 months at −20 °C and −80 °C	Yes	[9]
Lopinavir	0.25–50 µmol/L	PK DBS	LC-MALDI-MS	Volumetric	n.d.	–	n.d.	24 h at 4 °C	n.d.	Yes	[82]
Ritonavir	0.25–50 µmol/L	PK DBS	LC-MALDI-MS	Volumetric	n.d.	–	n.d.	20 days at −20 °C	n.d.	Yes	[82]
Diuretic
Canrenone	25–1,000 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Direct	n.d.	–	n.d.	1 month at −20 °C	n.d.	No	[83]
Histamine H2-receptor antagonist
Ranitidine	10–500 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	n.d.	–	n.d.	1 month at RT	2 months at RT and −20 °C	No	[84]
Immunosuppressant
Cyclosporine	25–1,440 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Direct	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	n.d.	17 days at RT	n.d.	Yes	[85, 86]
Mycophenolic acid	0.74–23.4 mg/L	903	HPLC-DAD	Direct	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	n.d.	26 days at 4 °C	n.d.	Yes	[67, 69]
Cyclosporine	30–1,000 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	No	–	BV PL	5 days at 60 °C	n.d.	Yes	[87]
Tacrolimus	1.2–40 µg/L							5 days at 60 °C
Sirolimus	1.2–40 µg/L							5 days at 37 °C
Tacrolimus	1–80 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	BV PL	24 h at 50 °C	35 days at −20 °C	Limited (1)	[4]
Tacrolimus	1–80 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Standard Hct for calibration standards	BV PL	10 days at RT	35 days at −20 °C	Limited (1)	[4]
Tacrolimus	1.00–50.0 µg/L	31ETCHR	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	Two standard Hct for calibration standards	BV	28 days at 37 °C	n.d.	Limited (1)	[6]
Sirolimus		DMPK-C						7 days at 37 °C
Everolimus								13 days at 22 °C
Everolimus								2 days at 37 °C
Cyclosporine	20.0–2,000 µg/L							28 days at 37 °C
Tacrolimus	1–50 µg/L	DMPK-A	LC-MS/MS	Direct	n.d.	–	n.d.	4 weeks at RT	n.d.	Yes	[3]
Oncolytic
Busulfan	50–2,000 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Yes	No correction as the influence is stable	n.d.	<24 h at RT	n.d.	Yes	[88]
								24 h at 4 °C
								1 month at −20 °C
Paclitaxel	0.2–20 µg/L	DMPK	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	n.d.	–	n.d.	30 days at 4 °C	45 days at 4 °C	No	[71]
Imatinib	50–5,000 µg/L	Agilent DMS	LC/MS/MS	Volumetric	No	–	n.d.	28 days at 40 °C	n.d.	Yes	[89]
Nilotinib	50–5,000 µg/L							28 days at 40 °C
Dasatinib	2.5–250 µg/L							28 days at 25 °C
Statin
Simvastatin	1–100 µg/L	903	LC-TOF-MS	Direct	n.d.	–	BV	n.d.	12 weeks at RT	Limited	[10]
β-Agonist
Salmeterol	1.00–500 µg/L	W41	HPLC-FLU	Volumetric	n.d.	–	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	No	[90]
β-Blocker
Bisoprolol	0.1–100 µg/L	903	LC-TOF-MS	Direct	n.d.	–	BV	n.d.	12 weeks at RT	Limited	[10]
Atenolol	25–1,500 µg/L	Agilent DMS;	LC-TOF-MS	Volumetric	n.d.	–	BV	n.d.	10 weeks at RT	No	[46]
		903,
		Ahl226
Propranolol	2.5–200 µg/L	903	LC-MS/MS	Volumetric	Probably	100/(100 Hct)	n.d.	1 month at RT	n.d.	Yes	[91]

903: Whatman 903, Ahl-226: Ahlstrom Ahl-226, DMPK-C: Whatman FTA DMBK-C, 31ETCHR: Whatman 31 ET CHR, W3: Whatman No3, Agilent DMS: Agilent Bond Elut DMS

BV blood volume, DBS dried blood spot, DM Desmethylvenlafaxine, FLU fluorescence spectrometry, GC-NICI-MS-MS gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Hct hematocrit, HPLC-DAD high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, Limited (1) spots from venous blood, LLOQ Lower limit of quantification, LC-TOF-MS liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, MALDI-MS matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, n.d. not done, PL punch location TDM therapeutic drug monitoring, RT room temperature, SH spot homogeneity, ULOQ Upper limit of quantification, UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography

– not available