Table 1.

List of advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous catalysis system.

Type of catalysis support	Advantages	Disadvantages
Organic polymer	(i) Easy and versatile functionalization, especially for the polymer containing aryl group (ii) Hydrocarbon polymers are chemically inert-support does not interfere with catalytic groups (iii) It can be prepared with a width range of physical properties (porosity, surface area, and solution characteristics)	(i) It has poor heat transfer ability (ii) It has poor mechanical properties which prevent from the pulverization during stirring process in reactor (iii) Commercial polymers are not always very defined and often contain unknown impurities (iv) Physical properties vary widely depending on molecular weight and chemical nature
Metal	(i) It can induce some catalytic activity as homogeneous catalyst but more selectivity (ii) It is easy to separate from the product (iii) It gives rise to less corrosion (iv) It can be used for long periods without sign of deterioration in properties	(i) Optimization of the reaction condition is more complex because there are more variables (ii) leaching problem brought by the Van de Waals link between the catalyst
Carbon	(i) It has high surface area due to porous structure (ii) It has relatively small amount of chemically bonded heteroatoms (mainly O2 and H2)	It could not be used for hydrogenation reaction >700 K or in the presence of O2 > 500 K because it may become gasified to yield methane and CO2, respectively
Dendrimer	(i) It coordinates strongly with metal catalyst (ii) It leads to recyclable catalyst system and does not suffer from mass transfer limitation (iii) It has well-defined macromolecular structure to precisely control catalyst support (iv) Uniform distribution	(i) It suffers from diminished activity due to the reduction in accessibility accessibility (ii) It depends on swelling properties influenced by catalytic performance