Figure 4.

Potential susceptibility of fish populations to environmental (chemical) stress. Population susceptibility index (1 − population survivorship index, Spromberg & Birge [38]) was calculated using a scoring system based on spawning frequency, parental care, lifespan, recruitment, niche specificity. Ecological vulnerability index (De Lange et al. [39]) was based on broader life-history data. Data were obtained mainly from www.fish.base.org/ and www.fishtraits.info/ (see electronic supplementary material, table S5). (Online version in colour.)