Table 1.

Effects of acarbose addition on ruminal fermentation in vitro

Item	Acarbose (mg/mL)				SEM	p value
	0	0.1	0.2	0.4		Acarbose vs control	Linear
pH	5.59	6.49	6.51	6.57	0.177	<0.001	<0.001
Lactic acid (mM)	0.21	0.14	0.13	0.13	0.056	<0.001	<0.001
Acetate (mM)	67.94	61.77	61.88	62.25	1.437	0.001	0.001
Propionate (mM)	29.24	18.24	18.04	18.76	0.539	<0.001	<0.001
Isobutyrate (mM)	1.38	1.07	1.3	1.55	0.27	0.322	0.37
Butyrate (mM)	24.74	8.4	9.24	8.57	0.453	<0.001	<0.001
Isovalerate (mM)	1.08	1.67	1.76	1.63	0.083	<0.001	<0.001
Valerate (mM)	1.5	1.78	1.86	1.78	0.067	0.001	0.001
Acetate to Propionate	2.32	3.39	3.43	3.32	0.048	<0.001	<0.001
TSCFA (mM)	125.88	92.91	94.07	94.55	2.319	<0.001	<0.001
NH3-N (mM)	5.12	14.36	16.2	15.41	0.844	<0.001	<0.001
LPS (EU/mL)	12,965.66	9,238.25	7,364.5	8,370.73	647.702	<0.001	<0.001
Total gas production (mL)	155.35	93.58	90.65	85.95	3.877	<0.001	<0.001

SEM, standard error of the mean; TSCFA, total short chain fatty acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; EU, endotoxin unit.