Table 5.

Rumen fermentation parameters with optimized additives

Items	Rumen parameter at 24 h incubation					Overall effect1
	Control	Treatment	SE	t-value	p-value	Treatment	Time	Interaction
pH	6.78	6.85	0.028	−2.575	0.062	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
NH3-N (mg/100 mL)	7.22	2.33	0.324	15.107	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.001
Biogas production2 (mL)	45.33	36.67	1.886	4.596	0.010	<0.001	<0.001	0.066
Total VFAs (mM)	51.10	40.88	2.229	4.587	0.010	<0.001	<0.001	0.008
Acetate (mM)	32.26	26.47	1.393	4.157	0.014	<0.001	<0.001	0.037
Propionate (mM)	9.87	7.80	0.807	2.568	0.931	<0.001	<0.001	0.004
Butyrate (mM)	7.45	5.52	0.303	6.341	0.003	<0.001	<0.001	0.147
Valerate (mM)	1.53	1.09	0.089	4.869	0.008	<0.001	<0.001	0.156

SE, standard error; VFA, volatile fatty acid.

¹Significances for overall effect was calculated using results at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h incubation.

²Biogas production results were from 12 h incubation.