Table 3.

Unstandardized regression coefficients for random intercept models predicting financial, physical, human, and social capital in rural areas of Madagascar using NDVI at two time points

	Financial capital		Physical capital		Human capital		Social capital1
	b	z	b	z	b	z	b	z
NDVI for August 2008 (winter)
Migrant	0.110***	5.08	0.050**	3.22	0.014	1.17	−0.023	−0.24
Length of Residence	0.029	1.82	−0.003	−0.30	0.038***	4.28	0.159*	2.24
NDVI	0.297*	2.49	−0.105	−1.64	0.119*	2.29	1.297***	3.69
N	18587		18586		18587		12296
R-to-R migrant2	0.082***	4.89	0.005	0.43	−0.003	−0.30	0.112	1.43
U-to-R migrant2	0.291***	11.27	0.161***	8.70	0.206***	14.43	0.178	1.63
NDVI	0.307*	2.55	−0.097	−1.52	0.127*	2.43	1.273***	3.63
N	18543		18542		18543		12264
NDVI for February 2009 (summer)
Migrant	0.110***	5.09	0.050**	3.22	0.014	1.18	−0.025	−0.25
Length of Residence	0.029	1.81	−0.003	−0.29	0.038***	4.27	0.157*	2.23
NDVI	0.834***	5.11	−0.121	−1.34	0.323***	4.53	2.157***	4.22
N	18587		18586		18587		12296
R-to-R migrant2	0.082***	4.87	0.005	0.45	−0.003	−0.34	0.107	1.37
U-to-R migrant2	0.292***	11.32	0.161***	8.70	0.206***	14.49	0.179	1.64
NDVI	0.862***	5.24	−0.099	−1.10	0.349***	4.87	2.151***	4.21
N	18543		18542		18543		12264

All models control for age, marital status, occupation, religion, number of children age<5years, household size, gender, and development;

¹Logistic multilevel models were used to estimate social capital. This measure is only available for females;

²R-to-R = rural-to-rural migration, U-to-R = urban-to-rural migration. The reference group for this set of dummy variables was non-migrants;

^*p≤.05;

^**p≤.01;

^***p≤.001

Source: Demographic and Health Survey for Madagascar 2008/2009