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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2014 Feb 20;135(5):1229–1237. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28764

Table 3.

Daily total fluid intake in relation to risk of bladder cancer in Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Nurses’ Health Study 2 (NHS2) by cigarette smoking history.1

Ever smokers Total fluid intake (quartiles)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 p-trend
NHS
    No. of cases 60 73 71 64
    Person-years 179,776 207,764 218,766 223,908
    Age-adjusted RR 1.0 1.03 (0.73, 1.46)2 0.98 (0.69, 1.39) 0.86 (0.60, 1.22) 0.34
    Multivariate RR3 1.0 0.96 (0.68, 1.36) 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) 0.73 (0.50, 1.06) 0.07
NHS2
    No. of cases 4 13 6 6
    Person-years 104,306 128,194 146,634 167,384
    Age-adjusted RR 1.0 2.24 (0.73, 6.90) 0.95 (0.27, 3.40) 0.86 (0.24, 3.05) 0.27
    Multivariate RR3 1.0 2.30 (0.73, 7.23) 0.88 (0.24, 3.24) 0.72 (0.19, 2.77) 0.18
NHS and NHS2
    Pooled multivariate RR 1.0 1.25 (0.57, 2.74) 0.87 (0.62, 1.22) 0.73 (0.51, 1.04) 0.03
Never smokers Total fluid intake (quartiles)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 p-trend
NHS
    No. of cases 25 34 25 19
    Person-years 194,402 183,487 166,375 137,816
    Age-adjusted RR 1.0 1.39 (0.82, 2.34) 1.12 (0.64, 1.95) 0.92 (0.50, 1.72) 0.67
    Multivariate RR4 1.0 1.40 (0.82, 2.37) 1.13 (0.64, 2.01) 0.94 (0.49, 1.80) 0.72
NHS2
    No. of cases 7 8 4 5
    Person-years 296,334 280,692 259,900 220,695
    Age-adjusted RR 1.0 1.25 (0.45, 3.45) 0.67 (0.19, 2.28) 0.99 (0.31, 3.12) 0.76
    Multivariate RR4 1.0 1.49 (0.53, 4.24) 0.87 (0.25, 3.06) 1.39 (0.42, 4.64) 0.79
NHS and NHS2
    Pooled multivariate RR 1.0 1.42 (0.88, 2.27) 1.08 (0.64, 1.82) 1.02 (0.58, 1.81) 0.86
1

Total fluid intake was determined by the average values of total fluid intake from the first two FFQs in each cohort.

2

RR; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values)

3

Adjusted for age in years, pack-years of smoking (4 categories), current smoking status (yes vs no), consumption of bacon (3 categories), energy intake (in quartiles), and intake of fruit and vegetables (in quartiles). The model for NHS was adjusted additionally for diagnosis of diabetes two years before (yes vs no).

4

Adjusted for age in years, consumption of bacon (3 categories), energy intake (in quartiles), and intake of fruit and vegetables (in quartiles). The models for NHS was adjusted additionally for diagnosis of diabetes two years before (yes vs no).