Table 4.

Biomarkers of renal dysfunction in rats exposed to 2,5-hexanedione for 21 days.

Endpoints	Control	0.25% 2,5-HD	0.50% 2,5-HD	1.0% 2,5-HD
Na+ (mmol/L)	126.15 ± 1.71	139.67 ± 1.53∗	140.33 ± 2.31∗	147.20 ± 1.41∗
K+ (mmol/L)	3.78 ± 0.33	4.03 ± 0.33	4.63 ± 0.61∗	5.05 ± 0.66∗
HCO3 − (mmol/L)	20.60 ± 1.04	24.70 ± 1.92∗	28.50 ± 1.09∗	34.64 ± 1.13∗
Cl− (mmol/L)	83.30 ± 1.63	88.67 ± 3.21	94.50 ± 1.91∗	96.50 ± 2.22∗
Urea (mmol/L)	14.30 ± 0.62	18.03 ± 1.03∗	18.86 ± 1.67∗	19.46 ± 0.57∗
Creatinine (mmol/L)	89.75 ± 3.30	135.33 ± 3.79∗	151.04 ± 2.00∗	161.80 ± 2.65∗

The data are expressed as mean ± SD for eight animals per group. ∗P < 0.05 against control.