Table 5.

Hierarchical linear models predicting children’s depressive symptoms

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Control variable
Children’s age	−2.7 (0.63)**	−2.18 (0.59)**	−1.75 (0.53)**	−1.85 (0.52)**	−2.16 (0.61)**
Level 2: Community risk factors
Poverty and unemployment	–	12.14 (2.25)**	10.56 (3.25)**	9.88 (3.25)**	9.42 (2.69)**
Level 1: Demographic, familial, and personal risk factors
Demographic risk variable	–	–	0.40 (0.43)	0.39 (0.45)	0.42 (0.38)
Negative life events	–	–	–	0.01 (0.07)	0.05 (0.06)
Negative parenting behaviors	–	–	–	1.35 (0.52)**	0.73 (0.45)
Depressive attributional style	–	–	–	–	0.11 (0.03)**
Self-perceived competence	–	–	–	–	−5.37 (0.86)**
Statistics
Deviance statistic	1959.69	1946.61	1789.14	1661.39	1533.13
df	4	5	6	8	10
Δ Deviance statistic	25.12	12.14	157.47	127.75	128.26
Δ df	1	1	1	2	2

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01

N = 197 students from 21 neighborhoods

Note: Unstandardized coefficients (B) are shown with robust standard errors in parentheses

All variables are grand mean centered. Demographic risk variable = composite formed from dichotomized demographic risk variables, including parental income under $20,000, single parenthood status, less than a 12th grade parental education, 4 or more children living in the home, child gender (female), and child ethnicity (ethnic minority)