Table 5.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control variable | |||||
Children’s age | −2.7 (0.63)** | −2.18 (0.59)** | −1.75 (0.53)** | −1.85 (0.52)** | −2.16 (0.61)** |
Level 2: Community risk factors | |||||
Poverty and unemployment | – | 12.14 (2.25)** | 10.56 (3.25)** | 9.88 (3.25)** | 9.42 (2.69)** |
Level 1: Demographic, familial, and personal risk factors | |||||
Demographic risk variable | – | – | 0.40 (0.43) | 0.39 (0.45) | 0.42 (0.38) |
Negative life events | – | – | – | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.06) |
Negative parenting behaviors | – | – | – | 1.35 (0.52)** | 0.73 (0.45) |
Depressive attributional style | – | – | – | – | 0.11 (0.03)** |
Self-perceived competence | – | – | – | – | −5.37 (0.86)** |
Statistics | |||||
Deviance statistic | 1959.69 | 1946.61 | 1789.14 | 1661.39 | 1533.13 |
df | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 |
Δ Deviance statistic | 25.12 | 12.14 | 157.47 | 127.75 | 128.26 |
Δ df | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
p < .05;
p < .01
N = 197 students from 21 neighborhoods
Note: Unstandardized coefficients (B) are shown with robust standard errors in parentheses
All variables are grand mean centered. Demographic risk variable = composite formed from dichotomized demographic risk variables, including parental income under $20,000, single parenthood status, less than a 12th grade parental education, 4 or more children living in the home, child gender (female), and child ethnicity (ethnic minority)