Table 3.
Associations of third trimester fetal kidney dimensionsa with kidney outcomes at 6 years of age (n=870)
| Model | Difference in Kidney Size | Difference in Kidney Function | Difference in BP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined Kidney Volume (cm3) | Creatinine (µmol/L) | Cystatin C (µg/L) | eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | Microalbuminuria | Systolic (mmHg) | Diastolic (mmHg) | |
| Basic | 3.89 (3.61 to 4.16)b | −1.18 (−1.60 to −0.77)b | −18 (−25 to −12)b | 4.40 (3.06 to 5.75)b | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.22) | −0.32 (−0.89 to 0.26) | −0.24 (−0.49 to 0.01) |
| Confounder | 3.96 (2.43 to 5.49)b | −1.22 (−1.63 to −0.80)b | −18 (−25 to −12)b | 4.45 (3.08 to 5.83)b | 1.06 (0.78 to 1.44) | −0.29 (−0.89 to 0.31) | −0.18 (−0.67 to 0.32) |
| Childhood kidney volume | NA | −0.87 (−1.29 to −0.45)b | −16 (−22 to −9)b | 3.21 (1.85 to 4.56)b | 0.97 (0.70 to 1.34) | −0.26 (−0.89 to 0.38) | −0.08 (−0.60 to 0.44) |
Values are regression coefficients (95% CIs) based on multiple regression models as well as odds ratios (95% CIs) for microalbuminuria based on logistic regression models, and reflect the difference for each outcome for fetal blood flow characteristics. The basic model is adjusted for gestational age at third trimester measurement, third trimester estimated fetal weight, child sex, current age, and body surface area. The confounder model is additionally adjusted for maternal age, parity, educational level, prepregnancy body mass index, smoking status during pregnancy, maternal pregnancy complications (hypertension, preeclampsia), folic acid use during pregnancy, gestational age, and gestational age–adjusted birth weight. The childhood kidney volume model is additionally adjusted for combined childhood kidney volume. NA, not applicable.
Combined fetal kidney volume SD = 5.48.
P<0.01.