Table 6.
Environmental Predictor | No. of Patients/ Experimental Platform | Patient Characteristics/Experimental Platform | Study Features | Highest P Value | Major Refs. | Additional Supporting Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High water intake | 8 | ADPKD patients; normal renal function; patients eating typical diets | Phase 1: baseline measurements; phase 2: water administration to reduce urine osmolality<285 mosM/kg | 0.02 | 106,107 | 99–105 |
Caffeine | Cysts epithelial cells | Mural epithelial cell from human ADPKD cysts | cAMP levels determined after caffeine or receptor-mediated agonist stimulation | <0.001 | 96 | 97 |
Low protein intake | 200 | ADPKD patients from MDRD; reduced renal function | 2.2 yr follow-up | 0.06 | 78 | NA |
Smoking | 323 | Consecutive ADPKD patients at Istanbul University | Prospective observational (n=198); mean (SD) follow-up=100±38 mo | 0.01 | 48 | NA |
582 | Patients diagnosed with IgA nephropathy or ADPKD | Retrospective | 0.002 | 98 | NA | |
Low birth weight | 284 | Retrospective cohort of ADPKD patients with ESRD from Denmark | Retrospective | 0.01 | 95 | NA |
NA, not applicable.