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. 2014 Oct 30;10(10):e1003927. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003927

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© 2014 Allen Cheung

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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(A) Uncertainty (blue particle cloud) either oriented or disoriented initially, showing the estimated pose (cyan arrow) was close to the true pose (red arrow) after 90 seconds. For clarity, only the position of each particle's pose is shown. See also Video S1. (B) at 48 minutes, , was above chance (0.5) either oriented or disoriented initially (Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 4.3×10⁻¹⁶⁴ and p = 7.5×10⁻¹⁶¹, respectively). In both cases, θ was non-randomly distributed (Rayleigh test, p<10⁻²⁵⁶) and centred on the true direction (circular m test, p = 0.80 and p = 0.84, respectively) following 48 minutes. (solid lines) and V(θ) (dotted lines) both showed incomplete convergence at 48 minutes (, Wilcoxon test, p = 2.6×10⁻⁵; κ-test, p<10⁻¹⁶). I_p kinetics also differed (disoriented, t₉₀ = 2:18; oriented, t₉₀ = 4:32). (C) Simulated grid cell spikes during idiothetic localization in 4 arenas with 1-fold rotational symmetry, initially disoriented (rows 2–5), and initially oriented (row 1). Autocorrelograms of the normalized firing fields from 46–48 minutes are included (right column). See also Table S1. (D) Median I_p and V(θ) functions (left), and I_p(48) distributions (right) are shown for the four arenas in (C) when initially disoriented.

Inline graphic — (A) Uncertainty (blue particle cloud) either oriented or disoriented initially, showing the estimated pose (cyan arrow) was close to the true pose (red arrow) after 90 seconds. For clarity, only the position of each particle's pose is shown. See also Video S1. (B) at 48 minutes, , was above chance (0.5) either oriented or disoriented initially (Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 4.3×10⁻¹⁶⁴ and p = 7.5×10⁻¹⁶¹, respectively). In both cases, θ was non-randomly distributed (Rayleigh test, p<10⁻²⁵⁶) and centred on the true direction (circular m test, p = 0.80 and p = 0.84, respectively) following 48 minutes. (solid lines) and V(θ) (dotted lines) both showed incomplete convergence at 48 minutes (, Wilcoxon test, p = 2.6×10⁻⁵; κ-test, p<10⁻¹⁶). I_p kinetics also differed (disoriented, t₉₀ = 2:18; oriented, t₉₀ = 4:32). (C) Simulated grid cell spikes during idiothetic localization in 4 arenas with 1-fold rotational symmetry, initially disoriented (rows 2–5), and initially oriented (row 1). Autocorrelograms of the normalized firing fields from 46–48 minutes are included (right column). See also Table S1. (D) Median I_p and V(θ) functions (left), and I_p(48) distributions (right) are shown for the four arenas in (C) when initially disoriented.