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. 2014 Mar 24;592(Pt 14):2981–2988. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.270389

Figure 2. Bidirectional brain–gut–microbiota pathways.

Figure 2

Multiple pathways, including but not limited to neural, endocrine and immune, exist in which the gastrointestinal microbiota may modulate the brain (Cryan & Dinan, 2012). ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone; CRF, corticotrophin releasing hormone.