Table 2.
Anthropometric, biochemical, lifestyle and dietary characteristics in the entire population and according to obesity statusa
|
GOLDN study
|
MESA study
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entire population |
Non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2) |
Obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) |
P-valueb | Entire population |
Non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2) |
Obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) |
P-valuec | |
| mean ± SE | mean ± SE | mean ± SE | mean ± SE | mean ± SE | mean ± SE | |||
| N for population (men/women) | 782 (383/399) | 512 (253/259) | 270 (130/140) | 2035 (1026/1009) | 1465 (740/725) | 570 (286/284) | ||
| Age, y | 48.9 ± 0.6 | 46.7 ± 0.7 | 53.5 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 62.9 ± 0.2 | 63.4 ± 0.3 | 61.2 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 83.7 ± 0.6 | 76.1 ± 0.6 | 99.5 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 80.2 ± 0.4 | 73.3 ± 0.3 | 97.3 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist, cm | 97.1 ± 0.6 | 90.0 ± 0.6 | 112.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 98.3 ± 0.3 | 92.4 ± 0.3 | 114.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.5 ± 0.2 | 25.6 ± 0.2 | 34.3 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 27.9 ± 0.1 | 25.3 ± 0.1 | 34.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 115.6 ± 0.6 | 112.1 ± 0.8 | 121.9 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 123.8 ± 0.5 | 121.7 ± 0.5 | 128.3 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 68.4 ± 0.3 | 67.1 ± 0.4 | 70.9 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 70.2 ± 0.2 | 69.8 ± 0.3 | 71.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dLd | 192.3 ± 1.5 | 189.6 ± 2.3 | 200.5 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 0195.8 ± 0.8 | 195.0 ± 1.2 | 196.2 ± 1.5 | 0.507 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dLd | 123.5 ± 1.2 | 120.4 ± 1.5 | 132.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 117.3 ± 0.8 | 116.1 ± 0.8 | 117.3 ± 1.5 | 0.448 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dLd | 46.4 ± 0.4 | 48.0 ± 0.8 | 43.3 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 52.2 ± 0.4 | 54.6 ± 0.4 | 47.6 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dLe | 140.9 ± 3.5 | 131.1 ± 4.4 | 165.7 ± 8.0 | 0.001 | 133.8 ± 1.8 | 120.5 ± 2.7 | 158.6 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dLf | 101.9 ± 0.7 | 98.6 ± 0.7 | 108.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 91.4 ± 0.5 | 88.6 ± 0.5 | 98.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2051.1 ± 30.5 | 2038.1 ± 39.1 | 2067.7 ± 51.2 | 0.615 | 1600.7 ± 15.6 | 1541.0 ± 19.5 | 1708.0 ± 29.8 | <0.001 |
| Total fats, %g | 35.6 ± 0.2 | 35.0 ± 0.3 | 36.5 ± 0.4 | 0.005 | 32.2 ± 0.2 | 31.5 ± 0.2 | 33.3 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| SFAs, %g | 11.8 ± 0.1 | 11.7 ± 0.1 | 12.1 ± 0.2 | 0.031 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 10.5 ± 0.1 | 11.4 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| MUFAs, %g | 13.4 ± 0.1 | 13.2 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.2 | 0.006 | 12.3 ± 0.1 | 12.1± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| PUFAs, %g | 7.7 ± 0.1 | 7.6 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 0.024 | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 0.205 |
| Proteins, %g | 15.8 ± 0.1 | 15.7 ± 0.1 | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 0.093 | 15.6 ± 0.1 | 15.6 ± 0.1 | 15.8 ± 0.1 | 0.261 |
| Carbohydrates, %g | 48.9 ± 0.3 | 49.7 ± 0.4 | 47.6 ± 0.5 | 0.002 | 50.8 ± 0.2 | 51.1 ± 0.3 | 50.0 ± 0.4 | 0.016 |
| Screen timeh | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 0.032 | 822.2 ± 13.5 | 769.5 ± 17.3 | 983.7 ± 26.5 | <0.001 |
| Physical activityi | 34.0 ± 0.2 | 34.0 ± 0.3 | 33.9 ± 0.4 | 0.813 | 1687.5 ± 50.3 | 1927.6 ± 66.5 | 1283.4 ± 101.5 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 63 (8.1) | 48 (9.4) | 15 (5.6) | 0.172 | 208 (10.2) | 157.0 (10.7) | 51 (9.0) | 0.166 |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 393 (50.3) | 270 (52.7) | 123 (45.6) | 0.207 | 1456 (77.9) | 1081.0 (80.0) | 375 (72.5) | 0.004 |
| Lipid medication use, n (%) | 34 (4.4) | 18 (3.5) | 16 (5.9) | 0.900 | 367 (18.0) | 238.0 (16.3) | 129 (22.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 60 (7.7) | 22 (4.3) | 38 (14.1) | 0.002 | 89 (4.4) | 37.0 (2.5) | 52 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Obesity GRS | 68.9 ± 0.2 | 67.7 ± 0.4 | 71.0 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 59.2 ± 0.2 | 58.4 ± 0.2 | 60.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; GRS, genetic risk score.
Values are expressed as mean ± SE or n (%).
P-value in GOLDN study was calculated by using the generalized estimating equation approach with exchangeable correlation structure implemented in the SAS GENMOD procedure adjusted by familial relationships, gender, age and center.
cP-value in MESA study was calculated by using a general linear regression model adjusted by population structure, gender, age and center.
To convert mg/dL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.026. To convert mmol/L cholesterol to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 38.7.
To convert mg/dL triglyceride to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0113. To convert mmol/L triglyceride to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 88.6.
To convert mg/dL glucose to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0555. To convert mmol/L glucose to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 18.0.
%“ refers to total daily energy intake.
“Screen time” refers to the number of hours/day spent viewing television or using a computer in GOLDN study and light leisure TV (MET-minutes/week) in MESA study.
“Physical activity” was measured by a physical activity score in the GOLDN study and self-reported intentional physical activity (MET-minutes/week) in MESA study (as described in Methods).