Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 May 1;114(12):1954–1966. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.014

Table 4.

Anthropometric, biochemical, lifestyle and dietary characteristics in the population with the lowest (tertile 1) and highest tertile (tertile 3) of the obesity GRS according to obesity statusa

GOLDN study
MESA study
Tertile 1 of the obesity GRS
P-valueb Tertile 3 of the obesity GRS
P-valueb Tertile 1 of the obesity GRS
P-valuec Tertile 3 of the obesity GRS
P-valuec
Non-obese
(BMI<30 kg/m2)		 Obese
(BMI≥30 kg/m2)		 Non-obese
(BMI<30 kg/m2)		 Obese
(BMI>30 kg/m2)		 Non-obese
(BMI<30 kg/m2)		 Obese
(BMI≥30 kg/m2)		 Non-obese
(BMI<30 kg/m2)		 Obese
(BMI≥30 kg/m2)
mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE
N (men/women) 195 (86/109) 60 (24/36) 125 (65/60) 139 (68/71) 545 (289/256) 130 (67/63) 435 (216/219) 248 (118/130)
Age, y 46.4 ± 1.0 53.9 ± 2.0 0.001 45.5 ± 1.4 52.6 ± 1.5 0.001 63.6 ± 0.5 63.0 ± 0.9 0.601 63.4 ± 0.6 60.4 ± 0.7 <0.001
Weight, kg 74.7 ± 0.8 96.1 ± 1.3 <0.001 78.3 ± 0.9 102.5 ± 1.4 <0.001 72.0 ± 0.5 94.5 ± 0.9 <0.001 74.5 ± 0.6 99.6 ± 0.8 <0.001
Waist, cm 88.8 ± 0.8 108.3 ± 1.2 <0.001 91.4 ± 1.0 113.8 ± 1.5 <0.001 91.1 ± 0.5 112.3 ± 0.9 <0.001 93.4 ± 0.6 115.6 ± 0.8 <0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio 0.87 ± 0.01 0.93 ± 0.01 <0.001 0.89 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.01 <0.001 0.91 ± 0.01 0.97 ± 0.01 <0.001 0.91 ± 0.01 0.98 ± 0.01 <0.001
BMI, kg/m2 25.2 ± 0.2 33.2 ± 0.4 <0.001 26.1 ± 0.2 35.1 ± 0.4 <0.001 25.0 ± 0.1 33.3 ± 0.3 <0.001 25.6 ± 0.2 34.6 ± 0.2 <0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 111.8 ± 1.0 117.1 ± 1.9 0.026 113.6 ± 1.5 123.2 ± 1.5 <0.001 121.6 ± 0.8 126.9 ± 1.6 0.002 121.9 ± 1.0 129.3 ± 1.4 <0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg 66.6 ± 0.6 69.9 ± 1.1 0.016 68.1 ± 0.7 70.9 ± 0.9 0.008 69.4 ± 0.4 71.2 ± 0.8 0.042 70.7 ± 0.5 72.2 ± 0.7 0.052
Cholesterol, mg/dLd 189.2 ± 2.7 199.7 ± 4.6 0.079 193.9 ± 3.9 195.0 ± 3.9 0.837 195.0 ± 1.5 200.9 ± 3.1 0.094 193.9 ± 1.9 194.7 ± 2.7 0.837
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dLd 120.0 ± 2.3 132.7 ± 4.3 0.018 122.7 ± 3.1 129.3 ± 3.1 0.083 117.3 ± 1.5 120.7 ± 2.7 0.226 115.3 ± 1.5 116.5 ± 2.3 0.602
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dLd 48.4 ± 1.2 42.2 ± 1.2 0.001 48.0 ± 1.2 42.2 ± 0.8 0.001 54.6 ± 0.8 48.8 ± 1.2 <0.001 53.4 ± 0.8 46.1 ± 0.8 <0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dLe 124.9 ± 6.2 166.6 ± 13.3 0.010 137.3 ± 9.7 157.7 ± 12.4 0.192 117.8 ± 3.5 150.6 ± 6.2 <0.001 126.7 ± 7.1 171.9 ± 8.9 <0.001
Fasting glucose, mg/dLf 98.1 ± 1.1 104.9 ± 1.6 0.001 100.1 ± 1.3 105.3 ± 1.8 0.019 87.7 ± 0.7 93.6 ± 1.3 <0.001 89.1 ± 1.4 101.2 ± 2.0 <0.001
Total energy intake (kcal/d) 2086.3 ± 57.0 2055.4 ± 89.5 0.740 2017.6 ± 61.9 2151.0 ± 64.9 0.125 1497.2 ± 28.2 1667.9 ± 53.5 0.003 1544.9 ± 40.7 1805.6 ± 52.4 <0.001
Total fats (%)g 35.6 ± 0.5 35.7 ± 0.9 0.905 34.4 ± 0.6 36.5 ± 0.7 0.035 31.4 ± 0.4 32.8 ± 0.7 0.058 31.9 ± 0.4 33.0 ± 0.5 0.006
SFAs (%)g 12.0 ± 0.2 11.8 ± 0.3 0.695 11.2 ± 0.3 12.2 ± 0.3 0.024 10.5 ± 0.2 11.1 ± 0.3 0.063 10.5 ± 0.2 11.3 ± 0.2 0.002
MUFAs (%)g 13.3 ± 0.2 13.5 ± 0.4 0.774 13.0 ± 0.3 13.7 ± 0.3 0.041 12.0 ± 0.2 12.4 ± 0.3 0.188 12.0 ± 0.2 12.7 ± 0.2 0.004
PUFAs (%)g 7.7 ± 0.1 7.7 ± 0.3 0.809 7.6 ± 0.2 7.8 ± 0.2 0.374 6.2 ± 0.1 6.4 ± 0.2 0.190 6.3 ± 0.1 6.4 ±0.1 0.887
Proteins (%)g 15.8 ± 0.2 16.3 ± 0.3 0.215 15.9 ± 0.2 16.2 ± 0.3 0.352 16.0 ± 0.2 16.0 ± 0.3 0.992 15.5 ± 0.2 15.6 ± 0.2 0.706
Carbohydrates (%)g 48.6 ± 0.6 48.8 ± 1.1 0.876 50.2 ± 0.8 47.9 ± 0.7 0.010 51.2 ± 0.4 50.5 ± 0.8 0.420 51.2 ± 0.5 50.0± 0.6 0.093
Screen timeh 2.6 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.2 0.154 2.6 ± 0.1 2.9 ± 0.1 0.097 739.9 ± 27.8 955.7 ± 52.6 <0.001 784.8 ± 32.9 986.7 ± 42.4 <0.001
Physical activityi 34.0 ± 0.5 32.6 ± 0.7 0.084 33.9 ± 0.6 34.8 ± 0.6 0.325 2050.8 ± 124.1 1329.9 ± 235.3 0.004 1856.2 ± 123.9 1226.6 ±159.6 <0.001
Obesity GRS 62.1 ± 0.3 63.3 ± 0.4 0.031 74.7 ± 0.3 75.8 ± 0.3 0.008 53.0 ± 0.2 53.6 ± 0.3 0.054 66.5 ± 0.2 66.8 ± 0.2 0.183

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; GRS, genetic risk score.

a

Values are expressed as mean ± SE or n (%).

b

P-value in GOLDN study was calculated by using the generalized estimating equation approach with exchangeable correlation structure implemented in the SAS GENMOD procedure adjusted by familial relationships, gender, age and center.

c

P-value in MESA study was calculated by using a general linear regression model adjusted by population structure, gender, age and center.

d

To convert mg/dL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.026. To convert mmol/L cholesterol to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 38.7.

e

To convert mg/dL triglyceride to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0113. To convert mmol/L triglyceride to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 88.6.

f

To convert mg/dL glucose to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0555. To convert mmol/L glucose to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 18.0.

g

%“ refers to total daily energy intake.

h

”Screen time" refers to the number of hours/day spent viewing television or using a computer in GOLDN study and light leisure TV (MET-minutes/week) in MESA study.

i

“Physical activity” was measured by a physical activity score in the GOLDN study and self-reported intentional physical activity (MET-minutes/week) in MESA study (as described in Methods).