Table 2.

Underlying structures of the PAID and PAID-5 based on previous psychometric studies including patients with type 2 diabetes

Form/authors	Structure	Scale/subscales and their names (item numbers)
Full form (PAID)
Welch et al. [8]	One factor	One-factor scale (all 20 items)
Huang et al. [16]	One factor	One-factor scale (all 20 items)
Miller et al. [13]	Two factors	Subscale 1: Lack of confidence (1, 2, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18)
		Subscale 2: Negative emotional consequences (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20)
Huis In ’t Veld et al. [15]	Two factors	Subscale 1: Diabetes distress (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19)
		Subscale 2: Support-related issues (15, 16, 17, 18, 20)
Papathanasiou et al. [12]	Three factors	Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20)
		Subscale 2: Food-related problems (4, 5, 11)
		Subscale 3: Social-support-related problems (17, 18)
Snoek et al. [9]	Four factors	Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems ( 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20)
		Subscale 2: Treatment-related problems (1, 2, 15)
		Subscale 3: Food-related problems (4, 5, 11)
		Subscale 4: Social-support-related problems (17, 18)
Graue et al. [19]	Lack of empirical support
Short form (PAID-5)
McGuire et al. [21]	One factor	One-factor scale (3, 6, 12, 16, 19)