Table 5.
Known-groups validity of the K-PAID and K-PAID-5 by gender
| Underlying construct | Scale/subscales and their names (number of items) | Males ( n = 226) | Females ( n = 214) | t ( p ) | Cohen’s effect size ( d ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||||
| Full form (K-PAID) | |||||
| One-factor constructa | Single scale (20 items) | 33.21 ± 22.23 | 36.99 ± 21.96 | –1.84 (p = 0.07) | |
| Two-factor constructb | Subscale 1: Lack of confidence (7 items) | 8.65 ± 6.21 | 8.88 ± 6.44 | –0.38 (p = 0.71) | |
| Subscale 2: Negative emotional consequences (13 items) | 24.56 ± 16.01 | 28.11 ± 16.57 | –2.29 (p = 0.02) | 0.22 | |
| Two-factor constructc | Subscale 1: Diabetes distress (15 items) | 28.05 ± 17.40 | 30.70 ± 17.42 | –1.60 (p = 0.11) | |
| Subscale 2: Support-related issues (5 items) | 5.16 ± 4.74 | 6.29 ± 5.43 | –2.32 (p = 0.02)g | 0.22 | |
| Three-factor constructd | Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (15 items) | 24.65 ± 16.29 | 27.64 ± 16.84 | –1.89 (p = 0.06) | |
| Subscale 2: Food-related problems (3 items) | 6.60 ± 4.23 | 6.94 ± 4.16 | –0.84 (p = 0.40) | ||
| Subscale 3: Social-support-related problems (2 items) | 1.95 ± 2.28 | 2.41 ± 2.69 | –1.93 (p = 0.05)g | ||
| Four-factor constructe | Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (12 items) | 20.87 ± 14.56 | 24.40 ± 15.57 | –2.46 (p = 0.01) | 0.23 |
| Subscale 2: Treatment-related problems (3 items) | 3.78 ± 2.94 | 3.24 ± 2.78 | 2.00 (p = 0.05) | ||
| Subscale 3: Food-related problems (3 items) | 6.60 ± 4.23 | 6.94 ± 4.16 | –0.84 (p = 0.40) | ||
| Subscale 4: Social-support-related problems (2 items) | 1.95 ± 2.29 | 2.41 ± 2.69 | –1.93 (p = 0.05)g | ||
| Short form (K-PAID-5) | |||||
| One-factor constructf | Single scale (5 items) | 7.97 ± 5.35 | 9.71 ± 5.64 | –3.30 (p < 0.01) | 0.31 |
aBased on the factor construct of Welch et al. [8]; bBased on the factor construct of Miller et al. [13]; cBased on the factor construct of Huis In’t Veld et al. [15]; dBased on the factor construct of Papathanasiou et al. [12]; eBased on the factor construct of Snoek et al. [9]; fBased on the factor construct of McGuire et al. [21]; gEqual variances not assumed.