Table 1.
Cox Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) for Inflammatory Proteins in Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection
| End Point, Factor | Multivariate Analyses Adjusted for |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Analyses |
Viral Load |
CD4+ T-Cell Count |
||||
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Time to CD4+ T-cell count <500 cells/mm3 (n = 47a) | ||||||
| TNF-α level | 3.1 (1.3–7.1) | .008 | 1.9 (.8–4.7) | .15 | 5.1 (1.9–13.5) | .001 |
| IL-6 level | 0.8 (.3–2.4) | .70 | NDb | NDb | ||
| CRP level | 0.5 (.1–1.5) | .20 | NDb | NDb | ||
| D-dimer level | 1.0 (.4–2.3) | .91 | NDb | NDb | ||
| IL-1β level | 1.0 (.4–2.4) | .95 | NDb | NDb | ||
| IFN-γ level | 0.8 (.2–3.4) | .73 | NDb | NDb | ||
| Viral load | 5.2 (1.9–14.4) | .001 | NA | 5.0 (1.7–14.1) | .003 | |
| CD4+ T-cell count | 3.9 (1.6–9.2) | .002 | 3.1 (1.3–7.5) | .01 | NA | |
| Time to ART initiation (n = 84a) | ||||||
| TNF-α level | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | .053 | NDb | NDb | ||
| IL-6 level | 1.4 (.7–2.9) | .33 | NDb | NDb | ||
| CRP level | 1.1 (.5–2.4) | .78 | NDb | NDb | ||
| D-dimer level | 1.4 (.8–2.5) | .31 | NDb | NDb | ||
| IL-1β level | 0.6 (.3–1.2) | .15 | NDb | NDb | ||
| IFN-γ level | 2.9 (1.5–5.5) | .002 | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) | .03 | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | .05 |
| Viral load | 6.1 (3.0–12.3) | <.001 | NA | 3.4 (1.7–7.1) | <.001 | |
| CD4+ T-cell count | 6.2 (2.6–14.8) | <.001 | 2.8 (1.1–7.1) | .03 | NA | |
Multivariate analyses adjusted for 1 log10 HIV-1 load or 100-cell increments in CD4+ T-cell count. A P value of <.05 is considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; IFN-γ, interferon γ; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; NA, not applicable; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.
a Subjects who reached the end point at or before inflammatory protein testing were excluded from the analysis.
b Not done (ND) because of the lack of statistical significance in the univariate model.