Table 3.
Association of clinical stroke with cognitive performance
| Outcome | Cases | Controls | Model 1† | Model 2‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | P-value | ß±SE | P-value | ß±SE | P-value | |
| LMi | 129 | 7.2±4.7 | 129 | 9.0±4.0 | 0.001 | −1.35±0.52 | 0.010 | −1.27±0.60 | 0.035 |
| LMd | 125 | 5.9±4.8 | 125 | 7.8±4.3 | 0.002 | −1.23±0.56 | 0.029 | −1.18±0.66 | 0.075 |
| VRi | 119 | 4.3±3.5 | 119 | 6.1±3.4 | <0.001 | −1.34±0.41 | 0.001 | −1.03±0.47 | 0.028 |
| VRd | 115 | 3.3±3.3 | 115 | 4.8±3.5 | 0.001 | −1.04±0.42 | 0.014 | −0.78±0.49 | 0.110 |
| PASi | 114 | 10.9±4.3 | 114 | 12.4±3.4 | 0.005 | −1.29±0.49 | 0.010 | −1.31±0.57 | 0.023 |
| PASd | 27 | 7.2±1.8 | 27 | 7.8±1.6 | 0.210 | −0.62±0.45 | 0.177 | −0.64±0.57 | 0.274 |
| SIM | 117 | 10.8±5.9 | 117 | 13.2±5.2 | <0.001 | −1.71±0.67 | 0.011 | −1.33±0.74 | 0.076 |
| DSF | 128 | 5.7±1.9 | 128 | 6.1±1.2 | 0.063 | −0.23±0.20 | 0.260 | −0.15±0.23 | 0.531 |
| DSB | 122 | 3.8±1.6 | 122 | 4.6±1.2 | <0.001 | −0.62±0.19 | 0.001 | −0.53±0.21 | 0.015 |
| HVOT* | 29 | −2.4±0.7 | 29 | −2.0±0.6 | 0.049 | −0.24±0.13 | 0.072 | −0.23±0.13 | 0.090 |
| BNT* | 119 | −0.7±0.7 | 119 | −0.4±0.5 | <0.001 | −0.29±0.07 | <0.001 | −0.27±0.08 | 0.002 |
| COWAT | 114 | 23.1±13.2 | 114 | 32.0±11.9 | <0.001 | −7.33±1.66 | <0.001 | −7.36±1.87 | <0.001 |
| Block design | 86 | 16.3±7.7 | 86 | 19.9±5.7 | <0.001 | −3.15±0.94 | 0.001 | −3.02±1.06 | 0.005 |
| WAIS-R | 56 | 16.5±6.1 | 56 | 18.3±4.1 | 0.071 | −1.24±0.79 | 0.120 | −0.64±0.93 | 0.496 |
| WRAT* | 27 | −2.5±0.5 | 27 | −2.2±0.4 | 0.070 | −0.23±0.13 | 0.075 | −0.21±0.15 | 0.170 |
Variables are log-transformed.
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, cohort (Original/Offspring), education and pre-stroke Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Model 2: Model 1 + systolic blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillationand current smoking.
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error; LMi = Logical Memory - immediate recall; LMd = Logical Memory –delayed recall; VRi = Visual Reproductions - immediate recall; VRd = Visual Reproductions –delayed recall; PASi = Paired Associates-intermediate recall; PASd= Paired Associates- delayed recall; SIM = Similarities test; DSF = Digit Span Forward; DFB = Digit Span Backward; HVOT = Hooper Visual Organization Test; BNT = Boston Naming Test; COWAT = Controlled oral association fluency (phonemic fluency F-A-S); WAIS-R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Revised; WRAT=Wide Range Achievement test.