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. 2014 Oct 1;124(10):4204–4211. doi: 10.1172/JCI72331

Figure 2. Effects of gut microbiota–dependent TMAO production on cholesterol and sterol metabolism and atherosclerosis.

Figure 2

Compartments and processes through which microbiota-generated TMAO affects cholesterol and sterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. The microbiota metabolizes dietary L-carnitine and choline to form TMA and TMAO, influencing cholesterol and sterol metabolism in macrophages, liver, and intestine (39).