Table 1.
Characteristics of HIV seroconverters (cases) and their age-matched controls
| Total study population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
| N=42 | N=126 | ||
| Socio demographic factors | |||
| Age (matching variable) | |||
| 14–24 years | 26 (62%) | 78 (62%) | – |
| 25–34 years | 15 (36%) | 45 (36%) | – |
| >35 years | 1 (2%) | 3 (2%) | – |
| Marital status* | |||
| Formerly married | 29 (69) | 71 (56) | 1 |
| Currently married | 5 (12) | 23 (18) | 0.52 (0.17 to 1.54) |
| Single | 8 (19) | 32 (25) | 0.59 (0.23 to 1.52) |
| Level of education† | |||
| Primary completed or higher | 24 (57) | 73 (58) | 1 |
| Primary uncompleted or no education | 18 (43) | 53 (42) | 1.03 (0.53 to 2.01) |
| Source of income* | |||
| Sex work only | 15 (36) | 26 (21) | 1 |
| Sex work and other | 22 (52) | 87 (69) | 0.41 (0.18 to 0.94) |
| No sex work | 5 (12) | 13 (10) | 0.61 (0.17 to 2.19) |
| Behavioral factors | |||
| Alcohol use defined by CAGE score† | |||
| Not drinking/not problem drinking | 11 (26) | 62 (49) | 1 |
| Problem drinking | 31 (74) | 64 (51) | 2.90 (1.31 to 6.42) |
| Total study population | |||
| Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
| No. of sexual partners in last month* | |||
| <5 | 17 (40) | 66 (52) | 1 |
| 5–19 | 11 (26) | 29 (23) | 1.42 (0.59 to 3.44) |
| 20–49 | 7 (17) | 22 (18) | 1.33 (0.46 to 3.82) |
| 50+ or can't remember | 7 (17) | 9 (7) | 2.96 (0.96 to 9.15) |
| Paying clients in last month* | |||
| No | 8 (19) | 22 (17) | 1 |
| Yes | 34 (81) | 104 (83) | 0.90 (0.36 to 2.23) |
| Condom use with paying clients in last month*,‡ | |||
| Consistent | 14 (41) | 51 (49) | 1 |
| Inconsistent | 20 (59) | 53 (51) | 1.39 (0.62 to 3.11) |
| Intravaginal cleansing in past 3 months* | |||
| Cleansing using soap | 19 (45) | 62 (49) | 1 |
| Cleansing using water only | 18 (43) | 60 (48) | 0.96 (0.47 to 1.97) |
| No cleansing | 5 (12) | 4 (3) | 3.69 (0.95 to 14.25) |
| Reproductive health | |||
| Currently pregnant* | |||
| No | 38 (90) | 111 (88) | 1 |
| Yes | 4 (10) | 15 (12) | 0.78 (0.25 to 2.48) |
| Use of hormonal contraceptives in past 3 months*,§ | |||
| None | 19 (50) | 64 (58) | 1 |
| Oral | 5 (13) | 13 (12) | 1.29 (0.41 to 4.03) |
| Injectable | 14 (37) | 34 (31) | 1.40 (0.61 to 3.21) |
| Reproductive tract infections | |||
| Mycoplasma genitalium* | |||
| Negative | 32 (76) | 105 (83) | 1 |
| Positive | 10 (24) | 21 (17) | 1.57 (0.67 to 3.72) |
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 serology* | |||
| Negative | 3 (7) | 48 (38) | 1 |
| Positive | 39 (93) | 78 (62) | 7.89 (2.32 to 26.8) |
| Syphilis* | |||
| RPR−TPHA− | 31 (74) | 102 (81) | 1 |
| RPR−TPHA+ | 2 (5) | 11 (9) | 0.58 (0.12 to 2.70) |
| RPR+TPHA+ | 9 (21) | 13 (10) | 2.15 (0.88 to 5.27) |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae*,¶ | |||
| Negative | 25 (76) | 95 (96) | 1 |
| Positive | 8 (24) | 4 (4) | 6.00 (1.81 to 19.92) |
| Chlamydia trachomatis*,¶ | |||
| Negative | 30 (91) | 97 (98) | 1 |
| Positive | 3 (9) | 2 (2) | 7.24 (0.73 to 72.04) |
| Trichomonas vaginalis*,** | |||
| Negative | 29 (83) | 87 (86) | 1 |
| Positive | 6 (17) | 14 (14) | 1.00 (0.31 to 3.26) |
| Candida albicans*,¶ | |||
| Negative | 32 (97) | 92 (93) | 1 |
| Positive | 1 (3) | 7 (7) | 0.40 (0.05 to 3.46) |
| Bacterial vaginosis*,¶ | |||
| Negative/intermediate | 8 (24) | 55 (56) | 1 |
| Positive | 25 (76) | 44 (44) | 3.97 (1.55 to 10.19) |
*At same visit as M genitalium was tested.
†At baseline visit.
‡Among women with paying clients in past month.
§Among not pregnant women.
¶Missing for 9 cases and 27 controls.
**Missing for 7 cases and 25 controls.
RPR, Rapid plasma regain; TPHA, Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination assay