Table 4.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of total and cause specific mortality by time since last oral contraceptive use (years) compared with never users among 118 832 Nurses’ Health Study participants, 1976-2012
| Cause of death | Time since last oral contraceptive use (years) | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤4 | >4 to <10 | ≥10 to <15 | ≥15 | ||
| All causes* (n=30 541) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.06) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.10) | 0.004 |
| Breast cancer† (n=2253) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.21) | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.37) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.26) | 1.09 (0.93 to 1.29) | 0.05 |
| Breast cancer, further adjusted‡ | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.28) | 1.23 (1.07 to 1.42) | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.29) | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.28) | 0.04 |
| Ovarian cancer† (n=827) | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.04) | 0.61 (0.46 to 0.80) | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.20) | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33) | 0.69 |
| Ovarian cancer, further adjusted§ | 0.77 (0.56 to 1.05) | 0.61 (0.47 to 0.81) | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.20) | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.33) | 0.69 |
| Cerebrovascular disease¶ (n=1604) | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.27) | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.13) | 0.91 (0.76 to 1.10) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.02) | 0.05 |
| Violence/accidents** (n=1044) | 1.11 (0.85 to 1.44) | 1.09 (0.88 to 1.35) | 1.18 (0.97 to 1.44) | 1.37 (1.09 to 1.71) | 0.005 |
| Suicide** (n=231) | 1.31 (0.81 to 2.12) | 1.33 (0.87 to 2.01) | 1.44 (0.97 to 2.13) | 1.68 (1.06 to 2.66) | 0.01 |
| Other diseases* (n=8979) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.12) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.18) | 0.02 |
*Adjusts for model 3 variables: base model+mortality risk factors.
†Adjusts for model 3 variables: base model+cancer risk factors+mortality risk factors.
‡Adjusts for model 4 variables: base model+cancer risk factors+mortality risk factors+breast cancer risk factors (parity, age at first birth, hormone therapy use, duration of hormone therapy, and history of benign breast disease).
§Adjusts for model 4 variables: base model+cancer risk factors+mortality risk factors+ovarian cancer risk factors (parity, tubal ligation, and hysterectomy).
¶Adjusts for model 3 variables: sociodemographics+cardiovascular risk factors+mortality risk factors.
**Adjusts for model 3 variables: sociodemographics+violent/accident death risk factors+mortality risk factors.