Table 1.
Urinary BPA concentrations and child BMI z-scores according to maternal and child covariates among Cincinnati, Ohio, women and their children.
| Covariate | n | Maternal median BPA μg/L (25th, 75th)a | Child median BPA μg/L (25th, 75th)b | BMI z-score (mean ± SD)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 297 | 2.1 (1.1, 3.9) | 3.6 (1.8, 6.9) | 0.04 ± 1.04 |
| Maternal race | ||||
| White | 198 | 1.7 (0.9, 2.9) | 2.7 (1.5, 5.4) | 0.03 ± 1.00 |
| Black | 82 | 3.9 (2.4, 6.3) | 5.5 (3.4, 9.6) | 0.10 ± 1.15 |
| Other | 17 | 2.3 (1.7, 3.2) | 4.7 (2.6, 6.2) | –0.06 ± 1.00 |
| Maternal age (years) at delivery | ||||
| < 25 | 58 | 3.5 (1.9, 6.2) | 4.9 (2.5, 7.6) | 0.05 ± 1.16 |
| 25 to < 35 | 192 | 1.9 (1.0, 3.7) | 3.4 (1.6, 6.2) | 0.04 ± 1.02 |
| ≥ 35 | 47 | 1.7 (0.7, 3.2) | 3.1 (1.7, 7.6) | 0.04 ± 1.01 |
| Maternal education | ||||
| Graduate/professional/bachelor | 166 | 1.7 (0.8, 2.7) | 2.6 (1.5, 5.3) | 0.08 ± 0.90 |
| Some college | 74 | 2.8 (1.7, 4.8) | 4.2 (2.6, 7.4) | –0.15 ± 1.08 |
| High school | 31 | 3.2 (2.1, 6.2) | 4.9 (2.5, 7.1) | 0.39 ± 1.04 |
| < High school | 26 | 6.1 (3.2, 7.5) | 5.9 (3.5, 12.0) | –0.10 ± 1.56 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 207 | 1.8 (0.9, 2.9) | 2.9 (1.6, 5.8) | 0.05 ± 1.01 |
| Unmarried, living together | 33 | 3.2 (2.2, 6.4) | 4.2 (2.3, 7.3) | 0.26 ± 1.00 |
| Unmarried, living alone | 57 | 3.7 (1.9, 6.3) | 5.2 (3.5, 9.4) | –0.10 ± 1.16 |
| Household income (per year) | ||||
| ≥ $80,000 | 88 | 1.6 (0.8, 2.6) | 2.9 (1.5, 5.3) | 0.01 ± 0.87 |
| $40,000–80,000 | 110 | 1.8 (0.9, 3.0) | 2.7 (1.6, 5.7) | 0.12 ± 1.10 |
| $20,000–$40,000 | 41 | 2.9 (1.8, 4.5) | 4.3 (2.9, 8.0) | –0.06 ± 1.14 |
| < $20,000 | 58 | 5.1 (2.6, 7.5) | 5.3 (3.2, 9.2) | 0.01 ± 1.10 |
| Maternal employment | ||||
| No | 52 | 2.3 (1.4, 6.2) | 3.9 (2.0, 8.2) | –0.07 ± 1.06 |
| Yes | 245 | 2.0 (1.0, 3.8) | 3.4 (1.7, 6.7) | 0.07 ± 1.04 |
| Maternal insurance | ||||
| Private | 226 | 1.8 (0.9, 3.0) | 3.0 (1.6, 5.9) | 0.06 ± 1.00 |
| Public/none | 71 | 4.3 (2.3, 6.9) | 5.0 (3.1, 9.1) | –0.02 ± 1.15 |
| Maternal depressive symptoms | ||||
| Minimal | 245 | 2.0 (1.0, 3.8) | 3.5 (1.8, 6.7) | –0.01 ± 1.02 |
| Mild | 32 | 2.8 (1.8, 6.3) | 4.0 (1.7, 9.1) | 0.21 ± 1.02 |
| Moderate/severe | 20 | 2.7 (1.3, 4.3) | 3.7 (2.1, 7.0) | 0.41 ± 1.25 |
| Maternal serum cotinine concentration (ng/mL) | ||||
| Unexposed (< 0.015) | 120 | 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) | 2.7 (1.4, 6.2) | –0.04 ± 0.98 |
| Secondhand (0.015–3) | 150 | 2.7 (1.5, 4.4) | 3.9 (2.3, 7.3) | 0.09 ± 1.07 |
| Active (≥ 3) | 27 | 4.2 (2.3, 6.7) | 3.7 (1.7, 6.2) | 0.16 ± 1.14 |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| < 25 | 126 | 1.9 (1.0, 3.5) | 3.4 (1.8, 7.1) | –0.14 ± 1.02 |
| 25 to < 30 | 101 | 1.7 (0.8, 3.2) | 2.8 (1.7, 5.4) | 0.05 ± 0.94 |
| ≥ 30 | 70 | 3.4 (2.1, 6.2) | 4.7 (2.3, 9.4) | 0.35 ± 1.16 |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 128 | 1.8 (0.8, 3.7) | 3.3 (1.6, 5.6) | 0.03 ± 1.00 |
| 1 | 98 | 2.2 (1.4, 4.1) | 3.7 (2.0, 7.3) | 0.14 ± 0.99 |
| ≥ 2 | 71 | 2.4 (1.5, 4.2) | 4.0 (2.0, 8.2) | –0.07 ± 1.17 |
| Prenatal vitamin use | ||||
| Never or few times/month | 41 | 2.7 (1.8, 5.1) | 4.5 (3.1, 8.2) | –0.02 ± 1.22 |
| Daily or weekly | 256 | 2.0 (1.0, 3.8) | 3.4 (1.7, 6.3) | 0.05 ± 1.01 |
| Prenatal canned vegetable consumption frequency | ||||
| ≤ Monthly | 83 | 1.8 (0.8, 3.8) | 3.3 (1.8, 5.6) | 0.08 ± 0.90 |
| Weekly | 174 | 2.1 (1.2, 4.0) | 3.5 (1.6, 6.7) | 0.06 ± 1.07 |
| ≥ Daily | 40 | 2.1 (1.4, 3.9) | 5.4 (3.0, 9.3) | –0.13 ± 1.18 |
| Prenatal fresh fruit and vegetable consumption frequency | ||||
| Monthly/weekly | 175 | 2.4 (1.3, 4.2) | 3.8 (2.0, 7.6) | 0.03 ± 1.06 |
| ≥ Daily | 122 | 1.8 (0.9, 3.5) | 3.2 (1.6, 5.7) | 0.05 ± 1.01 |
| Breastfeeding duration (months) | ||||
| None | 49 | 2.8 (1.5, 6.0) | 2.9 (1.8, 8.2) | –0.02 ± 1.19 |
| > 0 to 3.25 | 83 | 2.9 (1.7, 4.8) | 4.0 (2.3, 6.5) | 0.10 ± 1.15 |
| 3.5 to 10.5 | 80 | 1.8 (0.9, 3.2) | 3.2 (1.6, 6.2) | 0.09 ± 0.95 |
| > 10.5 | 85 | 1.9 (0.9, 3.0) | 3.4 (1.8, 7.3) | –0.03 ± 0.93 |
| Child canned vegetable consumption frequency | ||||
| ≤ Monthly | 47 | 1.9 (0.9, 3.5) | 2.6 (1.5, 5.1) | 0.14 ± 0.82 |
| Weekly | 192 | 2.1 (1.1, 3.9) | 3.6 (1.8, 7.3) | 0.03 ± 1.08 |
| ≥ Daily | 49 | 2.3 (0.9, 3.9) | 3.8 (2.3, 6.3) | –0.04 ± 1.07 |
| Child fresh fruit and vegetable consumption frequency | ||||
| Monthly/weekly | 149 | 2.6 (1.3, 4.3) | 4.2 (2.1, 8.1) | –0.01 ± 1.07 |
| ≥ Daily | 139 | 1.8 (0.9, 3.3) | 2.7 (1.5, 5.2) | 0.08 ± 1.01 |
| Child daily TV watching (hr) | ||||
| < 1 | 123 | 2.0 (1.0, 3.5) | 3.4 (1.7, 5.6) | 0.06 ± 0.99 |
| 1–2 | 85 | 1.9 (1.0, 3.8) | 3.1 (1.5, 7.8) | 0.00 ± 1.09 |
| > 2 | 78 | 2.7 (1.5, 5.1) | 4.0 (2.3, 7.5) | 0.07 ± 1.07 |
| Child daily outdoor time (hr) | ||||
| < 1 | 204 | 2.2 (1.1, 4.1) | 3.8 (1.8, 7.3) | 0.07 ± 1.11 |
| 1–2 | 44 | 2.0 (0.9, 3.8) | 3.3 (1.6, 6.2) | –0.08 ± 0.88 |
| > 2 | 40 | 1.6 (0.9, 3.2) | 2.9 (2.0, 4.6) | 0.02 ± 0.82 |
| 25th and 75th are percentiles. aAverage BPA concentration in maternal 16- and 26-week gestation urine samples (n = 297). bAverage BPA concentration in child 1- and 2-year urine samples (n = 285). cBMI z-score at the child’s first visit, if more than one was available. | ||||