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Control of the purple membrane film density, homogeneity, and degree of orientation on the gold surface using the simultaneous atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy technique. Simultaneous atomic force microscopy (a) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (b) imaging of the purple membrane adsorbed on the gold surface is demonstrated. (c) Surface potential measurement of the purple membrane fragment in the dark and upon illumination. (d) Experimental setup.
