FIG. 1.

A schematic representation of the entry mechanisms utilized by parvoviruses within the host cell. Cell entry of autonomous parvovirus CPV and AAV is shown. After binding to their cell surface receptors, both viruses are internalized into clathrin-coated vesicles (CV), followed by transport to early (EE), late (LE), or perinuclear recycling endosomes (PNRE). Later in entry, in the case of AAV, capsids are found in Golgi compartments, whereas CPV can be found in lysosomes (LY). The site of the capsid escape from endocytic vesicles into the cytosol is still unclear. CPVs make use of microtubules (MT) during the traffic through the cytosol toward the nucleus. Viral capsids are able to enter the nucleus in intact form without apparent deformation.