Table 2.
Adjusted mean quantity and variety of fruit intakes by socioeconomic status among older adults in the EPIC-Norfolk study.
| Fruit quantity (g/d) | Fruit variety (items/mo) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | |||||
| Model A | Model B: + FH | Model A | Model B: + FH | Model A | Model B: + FH | Model A | Model B: + FH | |
| Social class | ||||||||
| Professional | 320 (300, 339) | 321 (301, 342) | 264 (244, 283) | 263 (243, 283) | 8.0 (7.8, 8.3) | 8.0 (7.7, 8.2) | 7.4 (7.2, 7.7) | 7.4 (7.1, 7.6) |
| Managerial and technical | 306 (235, 253) | 306 (297, 314) | 244 (235, 253) | 242 (233, 252) | 8.0 (7.9, 8.1) | 8.0 (7.9, 8.1) | 7.0 (6.9, 7.2) | 7.0 (6.9, 7.1) |
| Skilled non-manual | 295 (284, 306) | 292 (281, 304) | 236 (220, 251) | 234 (218, 250) | 7.6 (7.4, 7.7) | 7.5 (7.4, 7.7) | 6.6 (6.4, 6.8) | 6.6 (6.4, 6.8) |
| Skilled manual | 295 (284, 306) | 294 (282, 306) | 225 (214, 237) | 227 (215, 240) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.6) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.7) | 6.4 (6.2, 6.5) | 6.4 (6.3, 6.6) |
| Partly skilled | 295 (280, 309) | 297 (282, 313) | 228 (212, 243) | 232 (215, 248) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.6) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.7) | 6.2 (6.0, 6.4) | 6.4 (6.2, 6.6) |
| Unskilled | 287 (260, 313) | 281 (252, 310) | 209 (173, 246) | 211 (172, 250) | 7.0 (6.7, 7.4) | 7.1 (6.7, 7.4) | 6.1 (5.6, 6.5) | 6.1 (5.6, 6.6) |
| P-trend | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Degree | 318 (303, 333) | 317 (302, 333) | 261 (247, 275) | 258 (244, 273) | 8.2 (8.1, 8.4) | 8.2 (8.0, 8.4) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.6) | 7.4 (7.2, 7.6) |
| A-level | 307 (299, 315) | 306 (297, 314) | 233 (225, 241) | 233 (225, 242) | 8.0 (7.9, 8.1) | 7.9 (7.8, 8.1) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) |
| O-level | 291 (277, 306) | 291 (276, 307) | 239 (220, 257) | 234 (215, 254) | 7.8 (7.6, 8.0) | 7.8 (7.6, 7.9) | 6.7 (6.5, 7.0) | 6.7 (6.4, 6.9) |
| No qualification | 292 (284, 299) | 291 (282, 299) | 231 (221, 241) | 233 (223, 244) | 7.3 (7.2, 7.4) | 7.4 (7.2, 7.5) | 6.3 (6.2, 6.4) | 6.3 (6.2, 6.5) |
| P-trend | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Home-ownership | ||||||||
| Owner–occupier | 300 (294, 305) | 299 (294, 305) | 239 (233, 245) | 238 (232, 245) | 7.8 (7.7, 7.8) | 7.8 (7.7, 7.8) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) |
| Renter, private | 293 (260, 326) | 296 (263, 328) | 224 (187, 260) | 225 (188, 262) | 7.2 (6.8, 7.6) | 7.3 (6.9, 7.7) | 6.1 (5.6, 6.6) | 6.2 (5.7, 6.6) |
| Renter, public | 299 (277, 320) | 302 (280, 324) | 225 (197, 252) | 229 (201, 257) | 7.0 (6.7, 7.3) | 7.1 (6.9, 7.4) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.3) | 6.0 (5.7, 6.4) |
| P-difference | 0.924 | 0.947 | 0.468 | 0.654 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Note: FH, financial hardship. Gender-specific means (CI95) obtained by multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for total energy intake (kcal/d), baseline age (continuous), and concurrent marital status (categorical) (model A); then for FH (money for needs; frequency of insufficient money for food/clothing; difficulty paying bills) (model B). Model B numbers were: social class (8535); education (8678); home-ownership (8538).