Table 4.
Adjusted mean quantity and variety of fruit intakes by financial hardship among older adults in the EPIC-Norfolk study.
| Fruit quantity | Fruit variety | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | |||||
| Model A | Model B: + SES | Model A | Model B: + SES | Model A | Model B: + SES | Model A | Model B: + SES | |
| Enough money for needs | ||||||||
| More than enough | 299 (287, 311) | 295 (283, 308) | 241 (228, 254) | 237 (224, 250) | 8.0 (7.8, 8.1) | 7.8 (7.6, 7.9) | 7.1 (6.9, 7.3) | 6.9 (6.8, 7.1) |
| Just enough | 300 (294, 306) | 301 (295, 307) | 236 (229, 243) | 239 (232, 246) | 7.7 (7.6, 7.8) | 7.7 (7.7, 7.8) | 6.7 (6.6, 6.8) | 6.7 (6.7, 6.8) |
| Less than enough | 297 (280, 315) | 297 (279, 315) | 237 (219, 256) | 238 (219, 257) | 7.2 (7.0, 7.4) | 7.4 (7.1, 7.6) | 6.3 (6.1, 6.6) | 6.5 (6.3, 6.8) |
| P-trend | 0.754 | 0.961 | 0.766 | 0.912 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.023 |
| Frequency of insufficient money for food/clothing | ||||||||
| Never | 301 (295, 308) | 302 (295, 308) | 241 (234, 248) | 241 (234, 248) | 7.8 (7.7, 7.9) | 7.7 (7.7, 7.8) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.8) |
| Seldom | 299 (288, 309) | 300 (289, 311) | 233 (220, 245) | 236 (224, 249) | 7.8 (7.7, 7.9) | 7.9 (7.7, 8.0) | 6.8 (6.6, 6.9) | 6.9 (6.7, 7.0) |
| Sometimes | 300 (286, 315) | 300 (285, 315) | 226 (209, 243) | 229 (211, 247) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.7) | 7.6 (7.4, 7.8) | 6.6 (6.4, 6.8) | 6.8 (6.5, 7.0) |
| Often/Always | 269 (245, 293) | 268 (242, 293) | 233 (203, 262) | 230 (199, 261) | 6.9 (6.6, 7.2) | 7.1 (6.8, 7.4) | 6.1 (5.7, 6.5) | 6.3 (5.9, 6.7) |
| P-trend | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.472 | 0.397 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.039 |
| Difficulty paying bills | ||||||||
| None | 303 (297, 310) | 303 (296, 310) | 242 (234, 249) | 242 (235, 250) | 7.8 (7.7, 7.8) | 7.7 (7.6, 7.8) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 6.7 (6.7, 6.8) |
| Very little | 294 (283, 305) | 294 (283, 305) | 233 (221, 244) | 235 (223, 247) | 7.8 (7.7, 8.0) | 7.9 (7.7, 8.0) | 6.8 (6.6, 6.9) | 6.8 (6.7, 7.0) |
| Slight | 300 (281, 320) | 302 (282, 322) | 227 (205, 249) | 227 (205, 249) | 7.6 (7.3, 7.8) | 7.7 (7.4, 7.9) | 6.9 (6.6, 7.2) | 6.9 (6.6, 7.2) |
| Some | 290 (271, 309) | 292 (273, 312) | 218 (194, 241) | 221 (197, 245) | 7.4 (7.1, 7.6) | 7.5 (7.3, 7.8) | 6.4 (6.1, 6.7) | 6.5 (6.2, 6.8) |
| Great/Very great | 261 (218, 304) | 253 (209, 298) | 248 (196, 301) | 244 (190, 298) | 6.6 (6.0, 7.1) | 6.7 (6.1, 7.2) | 6.3 (5.7, 7.0) | 6.6 (5.9, 7.2) |
| P-trend | 0.045 | 0.027 | 0.997 | 0.914 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.104 | 0.488 |
Note: SES, socioeconomic status. Gender-specific means (CI95) obtained by multivariable linear regression analysis adjusting for energy intake (continuous), baseline age (continuous), concurrent marital status (categorical) (model A), then for SES (education, social class and home-ownership) (model B). Model B numbers were: money for needs (8413); insufficient money for food/clothing (8417); difficulty paying bills (8425).