Table 2. Pesticides in honey bee colony matrices during and after exposure to canola grown from control or clothianidin-treated seed.
Pesticide detections from different matrices during and after placement of honey bee colonies in canola fields grown from clothianidin-treated seed, or untreated seed. A total of 70 honey and nectar samples, 80 beeswax samples, 60 pollen samples, and 20 dead bee samples were analyzed. Detections reported at or above the limit of quantification are presented.
| Pesticide | Detection and mean or max concentration (ppb)a | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollen | Nectar | Honey | Beeswax | Dead bees | |||||||||||
| # positive (%) | mean | max | # positive (%) | mean | max | # positive (%) | mean | max | # positive (%) | mean | max | # positive (%) | mean | max | |
| Azoxystrobin b | 2 (3.3) | 17.8 | 18.6 | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Captanc | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Chlorothalonilc,d | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 27 (33.8) | 533 | 1,060 | 1 (5.0) | 179 | 179 |
| Chlorpyrifosc | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Coumaphos | 6 (10.0) | 4.1 | 8.2 | 5 (7.1) | 2.4 | 3.8 | 10 | 7.2 | 54.8 | 69 (86.3) | 133 | 1,990 | 6 (30.0) | 3.3 | 5.9 |
| Coumaphos oxon | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 1 (1.4) | 7.6 | 7.6 | 69 (86.3) | 30 | 123 | 0 | – | – |
| 2,4 Dimethylphenyl formamide (DMPF) |
0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 14 (17.5) | 39.3 | 87 | 0 | – | – |
| Fluvalinate | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 8 (10.0) | 15.4 | 26.9 | 0 | – | – |
| Metolachlorc | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Pendimethalinc | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Propanil | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 1 (1.3) | 99.7 | 99.7 | 0 | – | – |
| Propetamphos | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 1 (1.4) | 12.1 | 12.1 | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Quinoxyfen | 0 | – | – | 1 (1.4) | 18.6 | 18.6 | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Thymolc,d | 1 (1.7) | 153 | 153 | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 8 (10.0) | 305 | 769 | 0 | – | – |
| Trifluralin b,c | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Vinclozolind | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 3 (3.8) | 13.6 | 23.3 | 0 | – | – |
Notes.
a
Mean and max values for positive detections.
b
Unquantifiable trace amounts detected in ≥ 1 dead bee samples.
c
Unquantifiable trace amounts detected in ≥ 1 pollen samples.
d
Unquantifiable trace amounts detected in ≥ 1 beeswax samples.