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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 3.
Published in final edited form as: Med Care. 2011 May;49(5):427–435. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318207ed9e

Table 1.

Baseline Features of the WHI-HT Placebo Participants, by Average Adherence over the HT Trial, N=13,444 women

Cumulative Adherence at the end of Observation*
< 50%
N = 926		 50 – <80%
N = 2153		 ≥ 80%
N = 10365		 P-value
N % N % N %
Age, years <.001
  50 – 59 390 42.1 808 37.5 3131 30.2
  60 – 69 386 41.7 858 39.9 4836 46.7
  70 – 79 150 16.2 487 22.6 2398 23.1
Ethnicity <.001
  White 646 69.8 1459 67.8 8716 84.1
  African American 154 16.6 399 18.5 850 8.2
  Hispanic 86 9.3 198 9.2 448 4.3
  Other / Unknown 40 4.3 97 4.5 351 3.4
Education 0.001
  ≤ High school 254 27.4 641 29.8 2935 28.3
  Some college 403 43.5 864 40.1 4105 39.6
  College graduate 257 27.8 624 29.0 3262 31.5
Income <.001
  < $20,000 253 27.3 517 24.0 2151 20.8
  $20,000 – $49,999 367 39.6 934 43.4 4895 47.2
  $50,000 – $74,999 134 14.5 306 14.2 1650 15.9
  ≥ $75,000 100 10.8 254 11.8 1109 10.7
Married / Living as married 485 52.4 1173 54.5 6200 59.8 <.001
Occupation <.001
  Managerial / Professional 259 28.0 698 32.4 3258 31.4
  Technical / Sales / Admin 254 27.4 520 24.2 2960 28.6
  Service / Labor 197 21.3 454 21.1 2061 19.9
  Homemaker 84 9.1 210 9.8 980 9.5
BMI (kg/m2), % 0.084
  < 25 219 23.7 543 25.2 2802 27.0
  25 – <30 345 37.3 733 34.0 3638 35.1
  ≥ 30 356 38.4 863 40.1 3864 37.3
Current smoking 130 14.0 272 12.6 996 9.6 <.001
Current alcohol use 582 62.9 1395 64.8 7062 68.1 <.001
Total physical activity ≥ 11 MET-hr/wk 273 29.5 635 29.5 3510 33.9 <.001
Total calcium intake, mg <.001
  < 600 301 32.5 584 27.1 2212 21.3
  600 – 1200 330 35.6 823 38.2 4122 39.8
  > 1200 248 26.8 628 29.2 3677 35.5
Fruit/Vegetable servings <.001
  < 3 405 43.7 853 39.6 3865 37.3
  3 – <5 252 27.2 693 32.2 3433 33.1
  ≥ 5 222 24.0 489 22.7 2713 26.2
Red meat servings <.001
  < 0.5 378 40.8 800 37.23 3836 37.0
  0.5 – <1 273 29.5 656 30.5 3557 34.3
  ≥ 1 228 24.6 579 26.9 2618 25.3
Parental history of fracture 295 31.9 706 32.8 3798 36.6 <.001
Family history of breast cancer 120 13.0 323 15.0 1594 15.4 0.175
Bilateral oophorectomy 176 19.0 360 16.7 1581 15.3 <.001
Age at menarche, years 0.339
  ≤ 10 74 8.0 163 7.6 722 7.0
  11–13 621 67.1 1422 66.0 7070 68.2
  14–15 177 19.1 452 21.0 2050 19.8
  16+ 47 5.1 104 4.8 484 4.7
Age at first birth, years <.001
  No term pregnancy 100 10.8 217 10.1 966 9.3
  <20 203 21.9 406 18.9 1727 16.7
  20+ 500 54.0 1262 58.6 6688 64.5
Visit to usual care provider in the last year 772 83.4 1828 84.9 9206 88.8 <.001
Any health insurance 770 83.2 1862 86.5 9442 91.1 <.001
Mammogram in past 2 years 600 64.8 1404 65.2 7216 69.6 <.001
Pap smear in past 2 years 451 48.7 1008 46.8 5348 51.6 <.001
Visit to usual care provider in last year 610 65.9 1437 66.7 7373 71.1 <.001
Colonoscopy ever 314 33.9 843 39.2 4195 40.5 <.001
Self-reported general health <.001
  Excellent 138 14.9 299 13.9 1727 16.7
  Very good 325 35.1 783 36.4 4376 42.2
  Good 340 36.7 772 35.9 3390 32.7
  Fair 107 11.6 260 12.1 756 7.3
  Poor 6 0.6 19 0.9 52 0.5
Cardiovascular disease 53 5.7 134 6.2 568 5.5 0.005
Treated diabetes (pills or shots) 57 6.2 141 6.5 562 5.4 0.262
Number of CVD risk factors 0.243
  None 362 39.1 829 38.5 4176 40.3
  1–2 525 56.7 1212 56.3 5744 55.4
  ≥ 3 39 4.2 112 5.2 445 4.3
G-I Symptoms reported 0.038
  None 234 25.3 506 23.5 2669 25.8
  1 290 31.3 724 33.6 3559 34.3
  2 270 29.2 615 28.6 2881 27.8
  3 126 13.6 298 13.8 1205 11.6
Vasomotor symptoms (HF/NS) sweats)F/NS) 447 48.3 939 43.6 4022 38.8 <.001
Years since menopause <.001
  < 10 283 30.6 585 27.2 2639 25.5
  10 – <20 277 29.9 675 31.4 3506 33.8
  ≥ 20 257 27.8 654 30.4 3187 30.7
Depression (based upon shortened CES-D) 142 15.3 303 14.1 1015 9.8 <.001
Falls in the last year 0.146
  None 576 62.2 1310 60.8 6461 62.3
  1 time 171 18.5 425 19.7 1957 18.9
  2 or more times 101 10.9 281 13.1 1288 12.4
History of fracture after 55 90 9.7 253 11.8 1438 13.9 <.001
Aspirin use (≥80mg day for 30+ days) 141 15.2 361 16.8 2220 21.4 <.001
NSAID use 276 29.8 676 31.4 3730 36.0 <.001
Corticosteroid use 1 0.1 5 0.2 12 0.1 0.395
Statin use 48 5.2 148 6.9 761 7.3 0.045
Bisphosphonate use 6 0.6 25 1.2 127 0.2 0.295
Calcitonin use 2 0.2 1 0.0 13 0.1 0.423
Beta-blocker use 47 5.1 112 5.2 712 6.9 0.003
Thiazide use 36 3.9 83 3.9 498 4.8 0.091
Loop diuretic use 21 2.3 59 2.7 215 2.1 0.156
PPI use 15 1.6 37 1.7 173 1.7 0.978
Lifetime HT use 0.003
  No prior use 571 61.7 1399 65.0 6775 65.4
  < 5 years 190 20.5 471 21.9 2196 21.2
  ≥ 5 years 164 17.7 283 13.1 1393 13.4
Number of meds taken <.001
  None 332 35.9 702 32.6 3062 29.5
  1–2 325 35.1 788 36.6 3836 37.0
  ≥ 3 269 29.0 663 30.8 3467 33.4

CVD = cardiovascular disease; HF = hot flashes; NS = night sweats; HT = hormone therapy; NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CES-D = Right for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

Note: all p-values are from chi-square tests using a significance criterion of 0.05.

*

adherence was assessed as a fixed covariate for the purposes of descriptively comparing women; all other analyses evaluated adherence as time-varying

Note: column % may not sum exactly to 100% due to rounding or to missing data