Table 1.
Cumulative Adherence at the end of Observation* | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 50% N = 926 |
50 – <80% N = 2153 |
≥ 80% N = 10365 |
P-value | ||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Age, years | <.001 | ||||||
50 – 59 | 390 | 42.1 | 808 | 37.5 | 3131 | 30.2 | |
60 – 69 | 386 | 41.7 | 858 | 39.9 | 4836 | 46.7 | |
70 – 79 | 150 | 16.2 | 487 | 22.6 | 2398 | 23.1 | |
Ethnicity | <.001 | ||||||
White | 646 | 69.8 | 1459 | 67.8 | 8716 | 84.1 | |
African American | 154 | 16.6 | 399 | 18.5 | 850 | 8.2 | |
Hispanic | 86 | 9.3 | 198 | 9.2 | 448 | 4.3 | |
Other / Unknown | 40 | 4.3 | 97 | 4.5 | 351 | 3.4 | |
Education | 0.001 | ||||||
≤ High school | 254 | 27.4 | 641 | 29.8 | 2935 | 28.3 | |
Some college | 403 | 43.5 | 864 | 40.1 | 4105 | 39.6 | |
College graduate | 257 | 27.8 | 624 | 29.0 | 3262 | 31.5 | |
Income | <.001 | ||||||
< $20,000 | 253 | 27.3 | 517 | 24.0 | 2151 | 20.8 | |
$20,000 – $49,999 | 367 | 39.6 | 934 | 43.4 | 4895 | 47.2 | |
$50,000 – $74,999 | 134 | 14.5 | 306 | 14.2 | 1650 | 15.9 | |
≥ $75,000 | 100 | 10.8 | 254 | 11.8 | 1109 | 10.7 | |
Married / Living as married | 485 | 52.4 | 1173 | 54.5 | 6200 | 59.8 | <.001 |
Occupation | <.001 | ||||||
Managerial / Professional | 259 | 28.0 | 698 | 32.4 | 3258 | 31.4 | |
Technical / Sales / Admin | 254 | 27.4 | 520 | 24.2 | 2960 | 28.6 | |
Service / Labor | 197 | 21.3 | 454 | 21.1 | 2061 | 19.9 | |
Homemaker | 84 | 9.1 | 210 | 9.8 | 980 | 9.5 | |
BMI (kg/m2), % | 0.084 | ||||||
< 25 | 219 | 23.7 | 543 | 25.2 | 2802 | 27.0 | |
25 – <30 | 345 | 37.3 | 733 | 34.0 | 3638 | 35.1 | |
≥ 30 | 356 | 38.4 | 863 | 40.1 | 3864 | 37.3 | |
Current smoking | 130 | 14.0 | 272 | 12.6 | 996 | 9.6 | <.001 |
Current alcohol use | 582 | 62.9 | 1395 | 64.8 | 7062 | 68.1 | <.001 |
Total physical activity ≥ 11 MET-hr/wk | 273 | 29.5 | 635 | 29.5 | 3510 | 33.9 | <.001 |
Total calcium intake, mg | <.001 | ||||||
< 600 | 301 | 32.5 | 584 | 27.1 | 2212 | 21.3 | |
600 – 1200 | 330 | 35.6 | 823 | 38.2 | 4122 | 39.8 | |
> 1200 | 248 | 26.8 | 628 | 29.2 | 3677 | 35.5 | |
Fruit/Vegetable servings | <.001 | ||||||
< 3 | 405 | 43.7 | 853 | 39.6 | 3865 | 37.3 | |
3 – <5 | 252 | 27.2 | 693 | 32.2 | 3433 | 33.1 | |
≥ 5 | 222 | 24.0 | 489 | 22.7 | 2713 | 26.2 | |
Red meat servings | <.001 | ||||||
< 0.5 | 378 | 40.8 | 800 | 37.23 | 3836 | 37.0 | |
0.5 – <1 | 273 | 29.5 | 656 | 30.5 | 3557 | 34.3 | |
≥ 1 | 228 | 24.6 | 579 | 26.9 | 2618 | 25.3 | |
Parental history of fracture | 295 | 31.9 | 706 | 32.8 | 3798 | 36.6 | <.001 |
Family history of breast cancer | 120 | 13.0 | 323 | 15.0 | 1594 | 15.4 | 0.175 |
Bilateral oophorectomy | 176 | 19.0 | 360 | 16.7 | 1581 | 15.3 | <.001 |
Age at menarche, years | 0.339 | ||||||
≤ 10 | 74 | 8.0 | 163 | 7.6 | 722 | 7.0 | |
11–13 | 621 | 67.1 | 1422 | 66.0 | 7070 | 68.2 | |
14–15 | 177 | 19.1 | 452 | 21.0 | 2050 | 19.8 | |
16+ | 47 | 5.1 | 104 | 4.8 | 484 | 4.7 | |
Age at first birth, years | <.001 | ||||||
No term pregnancy | 100 | 10.8 | 217 | 10.1 | 966 | 9.3 | |
<20 | 203 | 21.9 | 406 | 18.9 | 1727 | 16.7 | |
20+ | 500 | 54.0 | 1262 | 58.6 | 6688 | 64.5 | |
Visit to usual care provider in the last year | 772 | 83.4 | 1828 | 84.9 | 9206 | 88.8 | <.001 |
Any health insurance | 770 | 83.2 | 1862 | 86.5 | 9442 | 91.1 | <.001 |
Mammogram in past 2 years | 600 | 64.8 | 1404 | 65.2 | 7216 | 69.6 | <.001 |
Pap smear in past 2 years | 451 | 48.7 | 1008 | 46.8 | 5348 | 51.6 | <.001 |
Visit to usual care provider in last year | 610 | 65.9 | 1437 | 66.7 | 7373 | 71.1 | <.001 |
Colonoscopy ever | 314 | 33.9 | 843 | 39.2 | 4195 | 40.5 | <.001 |
Self-reported general health | <.001 | ||||||
Excellent | 138 | 14.9 | 299 | 13.9 | 1727 | 16.7 | |
Very good | 325 | 35.1 | 783 | 36.4 | 4376 | 42.2 | |
Good | 340 | 36.7 | 772 | 35.9 | 3390 | 32.7 | |
Fair | 107 | 11.6 | 260 | 12.1 | 756 | 7.3 | |
Poor | 6 | 0.6 | 19 | 0.9 | 52 | 0.5 | |
Cardiovascular disease | 53 | 5.7 | 134 | 6.2 | 568 | 5.5 | 0.005 |
Treated diabetes (pills or shots) | 57 | 6.2 | 141 | 6.5 | 562 | 5.4 | 0.262 |
Number of CVD risk factors | 0.243 | ||||||
None | 362 | 39.1 | 829 | 38.5 | 4176 | 40.3 | |
1–2 | 525 | 56.7 | 1212 | 56.3 | 5744 | 55.4 | |
≥ 3 | 39 | 4.2 | 112 | 5.2 | 445 | 4.3 | |
G-I Symptoms reported | 0.038 | ||||||
None | 234 | 25.3 | 506 | 23.5 | 2669 | 25.8 | |
1 | 290 | 31.3 | 724 | 33.6 | 3559 | 34.3 | |
2 | 270 | 29.2 | 615 | 28.6 | 2881 | 27.8 | |
3 | 126 | 13.6 | 298 | 13.8 | 1205 | 11.6 | |
Vasomotor symptoms (HF/NS) sweats)F/NS) | 447 | 48.3 | 939 | 43.6 | 4022 | 38.8 | <.001 |
Years since menopause | <.001 | ||||||
< 10 | 283 | 30.6 | 585 | 27.2 | 2639 | 25.5 | |
10 – <20 | 277 | 29.9 | 675 | 31.4 | 3506 | 33.8 | |
≥ 20 | 257 | 27.8 | 654 | 30.4 | 3187 | 30.7 | |
Depression (based upon shortened CES-D) | 142 | 15.3 | 303 | 14.1 | 1015 | 9.8 | <.001 |
Falls in the last year | 0.146 | ||||||
None | 576 | 62.2 | 1310 | 60.8 | 6461 | 62.3 | |
1 time | 171 | 18.5 | 425 | 19.7 | 1957 | 18.9 | |
2 or more times | 101 | 10.9 | 281 | 13.1 | 1288 | 12.4 | |
History of fracture after 55 | 90 | 9.7 | 253 | 11.8 | 1438 | 13.9 | <.001 |
Aspirin use (≥80mg day for 30+ days) | 141 | 15.2 | 361 | 16.8 | 2220 | 21.4 | <.001 |
NSAID use | 276 | 29.8 | 676 | 31.4 | 3730 | 36.0 | <.001 |
Corticosteroid use | 1 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.2 | 12 | 0.1 | 0.395 |
Statin use | 48 | 5.2 | 148 | 6.9 | 761 | 7.3 | 0.045 |
Bisphosphonate use | 6 | 0.6 | 25 | 1.2 | 127 | 0.2 | 0.295 |
Calcitonin use | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0.423 |
Beta-blocker use | 47 | 5.1 | 112 | 5.2 | 712 | 6.9 | 0.003 |
Thiazide use | 36 | 3.9 | 83 | 3.9 | 498 | 4.8 | 0.091 |
Loop diuretic use | 21 | 2.3 | 59 | 2.7 | 215 | 2.1 | 0.156 |
PPI use | 15 | 1.6 | 37 | 1.7 | 173 | 1.7 | 0.978 |
Lifetime HT use | 0.003 | ||||||
No prior use | 571 | 61.7 | 1399 | 65.0 | 6775 | 65.4 | |
< 5 years | 190 | 20.5 | 471 | 21.9 | 2196 | 21.2 | |
≥ 5 years | 164 | 17.7 | 283 | 13.1 | 1393 | 13.4 | |
Number of meds taken | <.001 | ||||||
None | 332 | 35.9 | 702 | 32.6 | 3062 | 29.5 | |
1–2 | 325 | 35.1 | 788 | 36.6 | 3836 | 37.0 | |
≥ 3 | 269 | 29.0 | 663 | 30.8 | 3467 | 33.4 |
CVD = cardiovascular disease; HF = hot flashes; NS = night sweats; HT = hormone therapy; NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CES-D = Right for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
Note: all p-values are from chi-square tests using a significance criterion of 0.05.
adherence was assessed as a fixed covariate for the purposes of descriptively comparing women; all other analyses evaluated adherence as time-varying
Note: column % may not sum exactly to 100% due to rounding or to missing data