Table 3.
MRI-derived brain phenotypes of the men and women subgroups of participants at entry and follow-up (about 4 years after their entry in the study), and their annual variation.
| Cross-sectional sample | Longitudinal sample | Longitudinal sample | Longitudinal sample | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At entry | At entry | At follow-up | Annual variation | ||||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | p | |
| TIV | 1462 (116) | 1297 (94) | 1462 (111) | 1294 (94) | 1460 (111) | 1291 (94) | −0.48 (1.25) | −0.73 (1.03) | 0.0003 |
| nS | 1484 (122) | 1297 (98) | 1491 (114) | 1293 (93) | 1489 (114) | 1290 (93) | −0.56 (1.08) | −0.76 (1.05) | 0.061 |
| fS | 1450 (114) | 1293 (102) | 1446 (110) | 1290 (96) | 1445 (111) | 1288 (96) | −0.41 (1.35) | −0.58 (0.91) | 0.27 |
| cS | 1463 (100) | 1317 (125) | 1471 (91) | 1330 (118) | 1469 (90) | 1328 (118) | −0.61 (1.15) | −0.59 (0.90) | 0.95 |
| WB | 1043 (86) | 937 (76) | 1046 (88) | 940 (76) | 1028 (86) | 921 (73) | −5.00 (3.06) | −5.34 (2.92) | 0.068 |
| nS | 1062 (89) | 937 (75) | 1070 (91) | 940 (74) | 1052 (90) | 921 (72) | −5.13 (2.73) | −5.38 (2.89) | 0.37 |
| fS | 1036 (86) | 933 (78) | 1033 (87) | 935 (75) | 1016 (86) | 918 (72) | −4.73 (2.95) | −4.88 (3.05) | 0.67 |
| cS | 1032 (67) | 942 (86) | 1045 (65) | 952 (91) | 1023 (61) | 930 (93) | −6.32 (4.24) | −6.14 (3.02) | 0.86 |
| GM | 539 (46) | 489 (42) | 540 (47) | 492 (42) | 527 (45) | 476 (40) | −3.63 (3.27) | −4.49 (2.98) | <10−4 |
| nS | 548 (50) | 489 (41) | 553 (50) | 492 (41) | 539 (50) | 475 (40) | −3.81 (3.06) | −4.52 (2.94) | 0.018 |
| fS | 535 (45) | 490 (46) | 535 (45) | 492 (45) | 522 (44) | 477 (41) | −3.43 (3.25) | −4.19 (3.27) | 0.054 |
| cS | 531 (36) | 495 (50) | 535 (37) | 501 (54) | 519 (33) | 483 (55) | −4.33 (3.92) | −4.94 (2.78) | 0.50 |
| WM | 505 (48) | 447 (42) | 506 (49) | 447 (42) | 500 (48) | 445 (41) | −1.37 (2.26) | −0.85 (2.20) | 0.0002 |
| nS | 514 (47) | 448 (43) | 517 (48) | 449 (42) | 513 (49) | 446 (41) | −1.31 (2.33) | −0.86 (2.21) | 0.044 |
| fS | 501 (49) | 443 (40) | 499 (49) | 443 (38) | 494 (49) | 441 (39) | −1.30 (2.21) | −0.70 (2.21) | 0.024 |
| cS | 502 (41) | 446 (44) | 510 (39) | 451 (46) | 504 (38) | 447 (49) | −1.99 (2.27) | −1.21 (1.85) | 0.15 |
| HIP | 7.01 (0.84) | 6.40 (0.73) | 7.08 (0.83) | 6.46 (0.72) | 6.84 (0.87) | 6.20 (0.78) | −0.066 (0.069) | −0.071 (0.062) | 0.17 |
| nS | 7.11 (0.85) | 6.41 (0.73) | 7.21 (0.84) | 6.46 (0.72) | 6.97 (0.88) | 6.22 (0.78) | −0.069 (0.063) | −0.069 (0.061) | 0.92 |
| fS | 6.97 (0.84) | 6.32 (0.71) | 7.03 (0.84) | 6.39 (0.71) | 6.82 (0.88) | 6.12 (0.74) | −0.061 (0.067) | −0.074 (0.062) | 0.090 |
| cS | 6.88 (0.63) | 6.44 (0.76) | 6.92 (0.63) | 6.52 (0.80) | 6.61 (0.70) | 6.14 (0.87) | −0.089 (0.088) | −0.11 (0.071) | 0.41 |
Values are means (standard deviations, in cm3) for the cross-sectional study sample at entry, and for the longitudinal study sample at entry and at 4-year follow-up. TIV, total intracranial volume; WB, whole brain volume (GM + WM); GM, gray matter volume; WM, white matter volume; HIP, hippocampus volume (left plus right). Annual variation (in cm3/year) is the ratio of the difference between follow-up and entry volume values to the delay between follow-up and entry. nS, non-smokers; fS, former smokers; cS, current smokers; p is for the comparison of annual variation of volumes between men and women (One-Way ANOVA).