Table 4.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of tobacco smoking and other covariate effects on whole brain volume.

	Cross-sectional analysis (entry time)				Longitudinal analysis
	Men		Women		Men		Women
	Effect size	p-value	Effect size	p-value	Effect size	p-value	Effect size	p-value
Smoking status	*	0.057	*	0.12	*	0.034	*	0.12
Age	−0.19	<10−4	−0.26	<10−4	−0.016	0.77	0.098	0.011
ApoE-ε4†	0.081	0.061	−0.012	0.77	−0.10	0.39	−0.084	0.37
Alcohol	−0.043	0.025	−0.025	0.12	0.023	0.66	0.076	0.041
BMI	0.011	0.58	0.023	0.18	0.045	0.40	0.0034	0.93
CES-D	0.032	0.088	−0.023	0.15	0.047	0.35	0.013	0.73
Cholesterolemia	0.0087	0.64	−0.030	0.065	−0.083	0.10	0.031	0.41
Education	−0.070	0.0004	−0.036	0.038	−0.038	0.46	0.049	0.21
Glycaemia	−0.077	<10−4	−0.023	0.17	−0.029	0.57	−0.10	0.009
MMSE	−0.0024	0.90	−0.0031	0.86	−0.083	0.12	−0.00026	0.99
SBP	−0.011	0.66	0.035	0.11	−0.0059	0.93	−0.076	0.14
DBP	0.0083	0.74	−0.018	0.41	−0.0031	0.97	0.082	0.10
WML	−0.015	0.42	−0.010	0.54	0.0073	0.88	0.040	0.28
TIV	0.86	<10−4	0.83	<10−4	−0.17	0.0011	−0.13	0.0007

Effect size is in standardized unit. P-value is the effect significance level. BMI, body mass index; SBP and DBP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure; CES-D, Center for epidemiological study depression scale; MMSE, mini-mental scale examination; WML, white matter lesion. TIV, total intracranial volume.

^*See Figures 1, 2;

^†Effect size is carriers–non carriers. Bold values indicate effect significance level < 0.05.