Table 2.

Overview of clinical trials with stem cell therapy.

Study	No. patients	Route of administration	Primary end-point	Outcomes
BONE-MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS (BMMNCs)
Perin et al. (56)	Cell = 14	IM	Echocardiography	↑LV function
	Control = 7			↓Remodeling
				↓NYHA Class
Perin et al. (57)	Cell = 11	IM	Echocardiography	No Δ LV function
	Control = 9			↑Exercise capacity
				↑Perfusion
Galinanes et al. (58)	Cell = 14	IM (during CABG)	Dobutamine stress	↑LV function
	No Control		Echocardiography	↑Wall motion
Hendrikx et al. (59)	Cell = 10	IM (during CABG)	MRI	No Δ LV function
	Control = 10			↓Remodeling
				↓NYHA class
Fischer-Rasokat et al. (42) (TOPCARE-DCM)	Cell = 33	IC	MRI	↑LV function
	No Control		LV angiography	↑Wall Motion
BONE-MARROW-DERIVED HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCs)
Vrtovec et al. (60)	Cell = 28	IC	Echocardiography	↑LV function
	Control = 27
Vrtovec et al. (56)	Cell = 55	IC	Echocardiography	↑LV function
	Control = 55
Patel et al. (61)	Cell = 10	IM (during CABG)	Echocardiography	↑LV function
	Control = 10
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (MSCs)
Hare et al. (62) (POSEIDON)	Cell = 31	IM	Computed tomography	No Δ LV function
	No Control			↓LVEDV
				↑Physical performance
Karantalis et al. (63)	Cell = 6	IM (during CABG)	MRI	↑LV function, ↓Scar
	No control
CARDIAC STEM CELLS (CSCs)
Bolli et al. (64) (SCIPIO)	Cell = 16	IC	Echocardiography	↑LV function, ↓Scar
	Control = 7		MRI
Makkar et al. (65) (CADUCEUS)	Cell = 17	IC	MRI	No Δ LV function, ↓Scar
	Control = 8

↑, increase; ↓, decrease; No Δ, no change; Cell, Cell-treated patients; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; NYHA, New York Heart Failure Association; LV, left ventricle; IM, intramyocardial; IC, intracoronary.