Table 2.
Mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) of self- or parent-rated proficiency, oral proficiency interview ratings, and proportion correct on naming tests in each language for bilinguals in each self-rated (Experiment 1) or parent-rated (Experiment 2) language-dominance subgroup
| Self or parent-rated dominance | Self- or parent-rated spoken proficiency | Oral proficiency interview | Multilingual Naming Test (MINTa) | Boston Naming Test (BNTa) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| English | Mandarin | English | Mandarin | English | Mandarin | English | Mandarin | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| Young adults | ||||||||||||||||
| Mandarin-dominant | 7.50 | 0.94 | 9.50 | 0.65 | 7.00 | 1.04 | 8.75 | 1.68 | 0.80 | 0.09 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.51 | 0.13 | 0.70 | 0.09 |
| Balanced | 8.33 | 1.37 | 8.33 | 1.37 | 8.58 | 0.86 | 8.17 | 1.63 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 0.81 | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.14 | 0.55 | 0.12 |
| English-dominant | 9.26 | 0.86 | 6.98 | 0.98 | 8.58 | 0.82 | 6.63 | 1.50 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.19 |
| Children | ||||||||||||||||
| Mandarin dominant | 8.16 | 1.40 | 9.44 | 0.46 | 4.80 | 1.48 | 5.40 | 1.82 | 0.66 | 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.22 | ||||
| Balanced | 9.20 | 0.80 | 9.20 | 0.80 | 6.00 | 1.73 | 5.67 | 2.08 | 0.76 | 0.18 | 0.50 | 0.24 | ||||
| English-dominant | 9.31 | 0.88 | 7.39 | 1.19 | 5.84 | 1.21 | 4.47 | 1.26 | 0.78 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.14 | ||||
Note.
a
MINT and BNT scores are reported as proportion correct for ease of comparison across tests given that the MINT contains 68 items and the BNT contains 60 items. Children's proficiency ratings were adjusted from a five-point scale to a 10-point scale for ease of comparison. Actual ratings for English were 4.55 (SD=0.54) and for Mandarin were 3.88 (SD=0.77).