Figure 3.

The tendency to approach or avoid a stimulus provide alternative axes of the core affect space (see [6,17,34]).

From an experimenter’s perspective of known payoffs and physiological measures of preparedness, the valence/arousal axes are the most obvious. However, from the decision-maker’s perspective of dispositions for action, punishment avoidance and reward acquisition can make more sense, and may reflect the activity of underlying biobehavioural systems that subserve these functions.