Table 1.
Ethogram of abnormal behavior patterns observed in this study population.
| DISSOCIATIVE BEHAVIORS | |
| Floating limb 7,9 | extended arm or leg is in convulsive movement |
| Stereotypic solitary play | invariant auto-play where one’s own leg or hands become(s) a play partner as if it/they do(es) not belong to the individual, often accompanied by play face |
| EATING DISORDERS | |
| Coprophagy & fecal manipulation 1,2,3,4,5,6,9 | ingest and/or hold, carry or spread own feces on surface |
| Regurgitation 1,2,3,4,6,9 | deliberate repetitive regurgitation; vomitus is retained within the mouth and re-ingested |
| REPETITIVE VOCALIZATIONS | |
| Gargling vocalization | sounds similar to gargling with water |
| Lip spluttering | splutter vocalization in non-grooming context, e.g., while resting |
| Raspberry vocalization 1 | giving snuffling vocalizations, e.g., while auto-grooming |
| SELF-DIRECTED BEHAVIORS | |
| Anus poking 9 | insert finger into own anus repetitively, then sometimes take a smell of finger |
| Ear poking 6 | exaggerated, repetitive poking of one’s own finger into and pulling of own ear |
| Eye poking 1,3,4,6,9 | poking of one’s own finger into own eye |
| Finger into mouth | repetitive pushing and pulling of finger into mouth rapidly |
| Finger nibbling and plucking | manipulate fingers with mouth and/or hand, affecting the skin |
| Fumble nipple 3,8,9 | thumb or fingers are moved up and down rapidly to stimulate own nipple(s) |
| Groom pulled out hair | own pulled out hair is glued to the window and groomed |
| Hair pulling 1,2,3,4,6,9 | pull out own hair with hand and/or mouth and ingest; usually during auto-grooming |
| Hand on ano-genital region | holding hand on ano-genital region, usually subsequent to self patting |
| Masturbation 3,4,5 | masturbation directed at humans |
| Nail biting | chewing one`s own fingernails |
| Pat self | pat on body-parts with one or both hands |
| Self-clasp 1,3,4,9 | clutch own shoulder or foot with knees pulled up to chest |
| Self-slap 1,2 | slapping with palm at one’s own face or open mouth |
| *Stereotypic scratching | invariant repetitive scratching while sitting or lying |
| Suck hand 1,4,5 | sucking one`s own hand |
| SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR | |
| *Bite self 1,9 | bite in one’s own hand, accompanied by screaming |
| Excessive hair pulling | a bunch of hair is pulled out in non-grooming context |
| Hit self 7,9 | hit own body-part with hand(s) |
| Self-mutilate 1,4,5,7 | scratching at or grooming own body sufficient to cause injury |
| WHOLE-BODY STEREOTYPIES | |
| Bizarre postures 1,2,3,4 | holding hand on head or into own mouth while sitting or moving in a sitting posture |
| Crouching and head waving | sitting in a crouched position and repeated moving of the head sideways |
| *Pacing 2,3,9 | locomote quadrupedally in a circle with no clear objective |
| Rocking 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9 | sway repetitively and rhythmically bi- or quadrupedally from side-to-side, without piloerection |
| Stereotypic locomotion 3 | one leg is moved in a repetitive exaggerated fashion while walking, leg motion is accompanied by audible exhalation |
| *Swagger and screaming | swagger with piloerection while single caged, accompanied by screaming |
| COMBINATIONS OF TWO (ABNORMAL ) BEHAVIORS | |
| Bite self and auto-grooming | self biting while auto-grooming |
| Hair pulling and anus poking | pull out hair with one hand and/or mouth and insert finger of the other hand into anus |
| Pat self and auto-grooming | self patting with one hand and auto-grooming with the other hand and/or mouth |
| Pat self and hair pulling | self patting with one hand and pull out hair with the other hand |
| Pat self and regurgitate | self patting while regurgitating |
| Pat self and self-clasp | self patting with one hand and self clasping with the other hand |
| Self-clasp and auto-grooming | self clasping with one hand and auto-grooming with the other hand and/or mouth |