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. 2014 Aug 27;6(9):2335–2349. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evu185

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© The Author(s) 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 1.— — De novo NAD⁺ biosynthesis. The two different pathways for de novo NAD⁺ biosynthesis starting with either tryptophan for the kynurenine pathway or aspartate for the aspartate pathway are shown. Both pathways converge at quinolinate. Structural formulas for intermediates and all substrate and enzyme names according to KEGG (Kanehisa et al. 2014).