Table 2. Impacts of GM crop adoption by modified trait.

Outcome variable	All GM crops	Insect resistance	Herbicide tolerance
Yield	21.57***(15.65; 27.48)	24.85***(18.49; 31.22)	9.29**(1.78; 16.80)
n/m	451/100	353/83	94/25
Pesticide quantity	–36.93***(–48.01; −25.86)	–41.67***(–51.99; −31.36)	2.43(–20.26; 25.12)
n/m	121/37	108/31	13/7
Pesticide cost	–39.15***(–46.96; −31.33)	–43.43***(–51.64; −35.22)	–25.29***(–33.84; −16.74)
n/m	193/57	145/45	48/15
Total productioncost	3.25(–1.76; 8.25)	5.24**(0.25; 10.73)	–6.83(–16.43; 2.77)
n/m	115/46	96/38	19/10
Farmer profit	68.21***(46.31; 90.12)	68.78***(46.45; 91.11)	64.29(–24.73; 153.31)
n/m	136/42	119/36	17/9

Average percentage differences between GM and non-GM crops are shown with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. *, **, *** indicate statistical significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively. n is the number of observations, m the number of different primary datasets from which these observations are derived.