Table 2.

Multivariable analyses of differences in cord-blood levels of leptin and insulin between Pakistani and white British mother–offspring pairs in all participants and in participants without GDM

Outcome	Modela	Mean difference (%) in outcome comparing Pakistani to white British (95% CI)
		All participants n = 1,415	Participants without GDM n = 1,285
Cord-blood insulin level (%)	Model 1: unadjusted	14 (6, 22)	10 (1, 18)
	Model 2: confounder	9 (0, 19)	9 (0.4, 18)
	Model 3: confounder and gestational fasting glucose level	0 (−9, 11)	5 (−4, 14)
	Model 4: confounder and gestational postload glucose level	5 (−5, 15)	8 (−1, 17)
	Model 5: confounder and gestational fasting and postload glucose levels	0 (−10, 10)	4 (−5, 13)
Cord-blood leptin level (%)	Model 1: unadjusted	13 (4, 21)	9 (0.2, 19)
	Model 2: confounder	16 (6, 26)	12 (4, 21)
	Model 3: confounder and gestational fasting glucose level	7 (−3, 16)	6 (−3, 14)
	Model 4: confounder and gestational postload glucose level	12 (3, 22)	10 (1, 19)
	Model 5: confounder and gestational fasting and postload glucose levels	6 (−4, 16)	5 (−4, 14)
	Model 6: confounder and gestational fasting glucose and cord-blood insulin levels	5 (−4, 14)	4 (−4, 12)

All results are mean differences of outcome comparing Pakistani mother–offspring pairs to White British mother–offspring pairs (reference group); positive values indicate higher levels of outcomes in Pakistani pairs and the null value for all results is 0

^aModel 1, no adjustment; model 2, adjustment for potential confounding by maternal age, BMI, parity, smoking, education, gestational age and offspring sex; model 3, as model 2 plus adjustment for gestational fasting glucose level; model 4, as model 2 plus adjustment for gestational postload glucose level; model 5, as model 2 plus adjustment for gestational fasting and postload glucose levels; model 6, as model 2 plus adjustment for gestational fasting glucose and cord-blood insulin levels