Table 2.
Description of studies included in systematic review
| Study (Year) | Study Design | Setting/ location | Source of Infection | Definition of Resistance / Controls | Study Population | Patients (n) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akhabue et al. (2011) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Genitourinary, respiratory wound, blood, tissue | Culture positive results for cefepime susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa | Cefepime resistant P. aeruginosa | 213 | [61] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 2316 | ||||||
| Brooklyn Antibiotic Resistance Task Force (2002) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for carbapenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa | Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 10 | [60] |
| Resistant P. aeruginosa | 10 | ||||||
| Cao et al. (2004) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; China | Genitourinary, respiratory wound, blood, tissue | Culture positive results for susceptible or MDR P. aeruginosa (when the absence of susceptibility to three or more antibiotics: ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem or meropenem) | MDR P. aeruginosa | 44 | [57] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 68 | ||||||
| Eagye et al. (2009) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for meropenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; control patients were located in the same unit and on the same day as cases and without 105 DRG codes related to infection | Meropenem resistant P. aeruginosa | 58 | [53] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 125 | ||||||
| Control | 57 | ||||||
| Evans et al. (2007) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; resistance defined as resistance to all the drugs in one or more of the following antibiotic classes: aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones. | Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 73 | [71] |
| Resistant P. aeruginosa | 47 | ||||||
| Furtado et al. (2009) | Retrospective Observational | ICU; Brazil | Genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for imipenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; control patients were hospitalized in the same ICU unit as the case participants and matched by time (within a 30-day interval), age (within a 10-year interval), and time at risk (control patients were imipenem susceptible) | Imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa | 63 | [62] |
| Control | 182 | ||||||
| Furtado et al. (2011) | Prospective Observational | Tertiary; Brazil | Respiratory | Culture positive results for imipenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; Isolates were screened for the presence of metallo-β-lactamases by using multiplex PCR. | São Paulo Metallo-β-lactamase (SPM-1) producing imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa | 5 | [68] |
| Non-SPM-1-producing susceptible P. aeruginosa | 24 | ||||||
| Gasink et al. (2006) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for fluoroquinolone susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa | Fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa | 320 | [64] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 527 | ||||||
| Hirakata et al. (2003) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; Japan | Genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for bla IMP-positive or negative P. aeruginosa; control subjects selected at random from among inpatients; control subjects samples were bla IMP-negative P. aeruginosa | bla IMP-positive P. aeruginosa | 69 | [69] |
| bla IMP-negative P. aeruginosa | 247 | ||||||
| Kaminski et al. (2011) | Nested case cohort | ICU; France | Respiratory | Culture positive results for Ureido/carboxypenicillin susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa | Ureido/carboxypenicillin-resistant P. aeruginosa | 70 | [66] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 153 | ||||||
| Lambert et al. (2011) | Prospective Observational | ICU; EU | Respiratory | Susceptibility testing in different centers was done according to local policies | Ceftazidime resistant P. aeruginosa | 366 | [31] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 1266 | ||||||
| Lautenbach et al. (2010) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Genitourinary, respiratory wound, blood, tissue | Culture positive results for imipenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa | Imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa | 253 | [63] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 2289 | ||||||
| Montero et al. (2009) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; Spain | Respiratory | Culture positive results for P. aeruginosa; MDR when the absence of susceptibility to three or more antibiotic families (betalactams, quinolones, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides); control patients also had nosocomial infection (20% with P. aeruginosa), but were not multidrug-resistant | MDR P. aeruginosa | 50 | [58] |
| Control | 50 | ||||||
| Morales et al. (2012) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; Spain | Genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; MDR when strains were resistant to carbapenems, β-lactams, quinolones, tobramycin, and gentamicin | MDR P. aeruginosa | 134 | [49] |
| Resistant P. aeruginosa | 119 | ||||||
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 149 | ||||||
| Paramythiotou et al. (2004) | Retrospective Observational (matched) | ICU; France | Genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; MDR were resistant to piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin; control patient was hospitalized in the same ICU as the corresponding case participant during the study period but whose microbiological cultures for P. aeruginosa showed no growth at any time during their ICU stay. Controls matched to cases for length of ICU stay. | MDR P. aeruginosa | 37 | [54] |
| Control | 34 | ||||||
| Peña et al. (2013) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; Spain | Respiratory | MDR defined as strains non-susceptible to > = 1 agent in > = 3 anti-pseudomonal antimicrobial categories (carbapenems, β-lactams, quinolones, tobramycin, and gentamicin) | MDR P. aeruginosa | 27 | [56] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 56 | ||||||
| Scheetz et al. (2006) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Blood | Culture positive results for fluoroquinolone susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa | Fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa | 79 | [65] |
| Fluoroquinolone susceptible P. aeruginosa | 136 | ||||||
| Söderström et al. (2009) | Retrospective Observational (matched) | Tertiary; Finland | Wound | Culture positive results for resistant P. aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, and a combination of piperacillin and tazobactam; A control participant with negative MDR P. aeruginosa culture was matched to each study participant (a drug-sensitive strain of P. aeruginosa was cultured from 31 control participants (48%)) | MDR P. aeruginosa | 64 | [59] |
| Control | 64 | ||||||
| Tam et al. (2009) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Blood | Culture positive results for AmpC++ by ceftazidime susceptibility with and without clavulanic acid | AmpC++ P. aeruginosa | 21 | [72] |
| Wild-type P. aeruginosa | 33 | ||||||
| Tam et al. (2010) | Retrospective Observational | Tertiary; USA | Blood | MDR was defined as culture positive results for resistance to three or more of the following four classes of agents: antipseudomonal carbapenems, antipseudomonal β-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins), aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones | MDR P. aeruginosa | 25 | [13] |
| Susceptible P. aeruginosa | 84 | ||||||
| Trouillet et al. (2002) | Prospective Observational | ICU; France | Respiratory | Culture positive results for piperacillin susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa | Piperacillin resistant P. aeruginosa | 34 | [67] |
| Piperacillin susceptible P. aeruginosa | 101 | ||||||
| Tumbarello et al. (2013) | Retrospective Observational | ICU; Italy | Respiratory | Culture positive results for piperacillin susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; MDR if in vitro resistance to >1 antipseudomonal agent in 3 or more of the following categories: β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, cephalosporins, carbapenems, quinolones and aminoglycosides | MDR P. aeruginosa | 42 | [55] |
| Non-MDR P. aeruginosa | 68 | ||||||
| Zavascki et al. (2006) | Prospective Observational | Tertiary; Brazil | Blood, genitourinary, respiratory, wound | Culture positive results for metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) –carrying versus non-MBL- carrying P. aeruginosa | MBL-carrying P. aeruginosa | 86 | [70] |
| Non-MBL-carrying P. aeruginosa | 212 |