Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population according to WHtR and BMI categories
| WHtR ≤ 0.5 (N = 785) | WHtR > 0.5 (N = 2596) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI < 23 kg/m 2 (N = 592) | BMI ≥ 23 kg/m 2 (N = 193) | BMI < 23 kg/m 2 (N = 308) | BMI ≥ 23 kg/m 2 (N = 2288) | p for trend | |
| Age (years) | 57.0 ± 8.7 | 54.6 ± 7.2† | 62.6 ± 10.8†‡ | 60.5 ± 9.5†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 249 (42.1) | 87 (45.1) | 97 (31.5) † | 929 (40.6) ‡# | 0.4886 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 143 (24.2) | 52 (27.0) | 64 (20.8) | 468 (20.5) | 0.0182 |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) | 102 (17.2) | 35 (18.1) | 49 (15.9) | 433 (19.0) | 0.2999 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 179 (30.2) | 69 (35.8) | 160 (52.0) †‡ | 1428 (62.4)†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.5 ± 19.1 | 128.9 ± 17.4 | 138.1 ± 23.3†‡ | 141.1 ± 21.3†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.2 ± 9.6 | 77.8 ± 9.6† | 77.3 ± 10.2† | 80.0 ± 10.0†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%)* | 6.0 (5.7-6.3) | 5.9 (5.6-6.2) | 6.0 (5.7-6.6)†‡ | 6.2 (5.8-6.9)†‡ | < 0.0001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.46 ± 1.88 | 5.30 ± 1.49† | 5.80 ± 2.18†‡ | 5.91 ± 1.94†‡ | < 0.0001 |
| 2 h PG (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 5.3 | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 9.8 ± 6.0†‡ | 10.4 ± 5.4†‡ | < 0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR* | 0.91(0.61-1.41) | 1.26 (0.85-1.80)† | 1.31 (0.83-2.00)† | 2.07 (1.38-3.22)†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 122 (20.6) | 27 (14.0)† | 83 (27.0)†‡ | 796 (34.8)†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.98 ± 0.90 | 5.04 ± 0.88 | 5.16 ± 0.98† | 5.21 ± 1.00†‡ | < 0.0001 |
| TG (mmol/L)* | 1.01 (0.77-1.37) | 1.19 (0.84-1.84)† | 1.30 (0.97-1.99)† | 1.59 (1.14-2.29) †‡# | < 0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.19 ± 0.61 | 2.29 ± 0.62 | 2.34 ± 0.66† | 2.45 ± 0.71†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| HDL-C(mmol/L) | 1.51 ± 0.35 | 1.38 ± 0.34† | 1.41 ± 0.33† | 1.31 ± 0.28†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| Anthropometric index | |||||
| WHtR | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.01† | 0.53 ± 0.03†‡ | 0.57 ± 0.05†‡# | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.6 ± 1.6 | 24.2 ± 1.1† | 21.8 ± 1.2†‡ | 26.9 ± 3.0†‡# | — |
| CIMT (mm)* | 0.6 (0.5-0.6) | 0.6 (0.5-0.6) | 0.6 (0.6-0.7) †‡ | 0.6 (0.6-0.7)†‡ | < 0.0001 |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2 h PG, 2 h post-load glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WHtR, waist-height ratio; BMI, body mass index; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
*Medians with interquartile ranges.
†p < 0.05 versus the WHtR ≤ 0.5 and BMI < 23 kg/m2 group.
‡p < 0.05 versus the WHtR ≤ 0.5 and BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 group.
#p < 0.05 versus the WHtR > 0.5 and BMI < 23 kg/m2 group.